1. Table of Contents The Plant Kingdom Photosynthesis and Light
Mosses, Liverworts, and Hornworts
Ferns, Club Mosses, and Horsetails

2. What Is a Plant? Multicellular organisms with tissues and organs.
- The Plant Kingdom
What Is a Plant?
Multicellular organisms with tissues and organs.
Contain chlorophyll inside chloroplasts and can make food.
Can not move from place to place.
Made of eukaryotic cells with cell walls.

3. Plant Cell Structure Activity
- The Plant Kingdom
Plant Cell Structure Activity
Click the Active Art button to open a browser window and access Active Art about plant cell structure.

4. Adaptations to Land
To move to land, plants had to develop adaptations to solve the following problems:
Prevent water loss – cell walls made of cellulose help prevent water loss. Most land plants also have a waxy covering called a cuticle on their stems and leaves that also aids in preventing water loss.
Obtain water and nutrients from soil – plants evolved roots.

5. Adaptations to Land
Transport Materials —water moves up and food moves down through tube-like vascular tissue.
*Support their own weight—cell walls and vascular tissue provide structure and support. Stems and roots then evolved.
*Reproduction—the most successful land plants evolved ways to reproduce without water (seeds).

6. - The Plant Kingdom
Water Loss in Plants
The graph shows how much water a certain plant loses during the hours shown.

7. Water Loss in Plants Reading Graphs:
- The Plant Kingdom
Water Loss in Plants
Reading Graphs:
What variable is plotted along each axis?
Horizontal axis–time of day; vertical axis–water loss.

8. Water Loss in Plants Interpreting Data:
- The Plant Kingdom
Water Loss in Plants
Interpreting Data:
According to the graph, during what part of the day did the plant lose the most water? The least water?
Most–midday; least–in the evening.

9. - The Plant Kingdom
Water Loss in Plants
Drawing Conclusions:
What could account for the pattern of water loss shown?
The plant seemed to lose the most water during the sunniest or warmest parts of the day.

10. Water Loss in Plants Predicting:
- The Plant Kingdom
Water Loss in Plants
Predicting:
How would you expect the graph to look from 10 p.m. to 8 a.m.? Explain your reasoning.
The line graph would descend during the night and rise again in the morning hours; water loss is less during the night when there is no sun.

11. Origin of Plants
Evolved from one-celled, plant-like protists in the ocean (Green Algae)
Fossil record is sketchy because most plants decay before they form fossils.
Oldest plant fossils are about 400 million years old. They had no leaves and their stems grew underground.

12. Photosynthesis
All plants make food through the process of photosynthesis.
During photosynthesis, plants use energy from sunlight to change carbon dioxide and water into sugar and oxygen.
1. Sunlight or “white light” is made of all of the colors of the rainbow (the visible spectrum).
2. Plants absorb most of these colors except green. Green light is reflected by the pigment known as chlorophyll.
3. Other plant pigments reflect other colors and are called accessory pigments. We see them mostly in the fall, when plants stop making chlorophyll.

13. The Photosynthesis Process
- Photosynthesis and Light
The Photosynthesis Process
In photosynthesis, the energy in sunlight is used to make sugar and oxygen from carbon dioxide and water.

14. The Big Picture of Photosynthesis
Water enters through the roots of the plant.
Carbon dioxide enters through tiny openings in the leaves of the plant called stomata.
They travel to the chloroplasts where they are changed into a special sugar, called glucose, and oxygen.
Glucose is the plant’s food. It is broken down, just like our food, to give the plant energy to grow, develop, respond and reproduce.
Most of the oxygen is released also through the stomata of the leaves and used by other organisms.

15. The Photosynthesis Process Activity
- Photosynthesis and Light
The Photosynthesis Process Activity
Click the Active Art button to open a browser window and access Active Art about the photosynthesis process.

16. The Photosynthesis Equation
The many chemical reactions of photosynthesis can be summarized by this equation:
light energy
carbon dioxide + water sugar + oxygen
(6CO2) (6H2O) (C6H12O6) (6O2)

17. Click the Video button to watch a movie about photosynthesis.
- Photosynthesis and Light
Photosynthesis
Click the Video button to watch a movie about photosynthesis.

18. Classification of Plants
The Plant Kingdom is divided into nine divisions (not phyla).
The first division includes nonvascular plants.
Nonvascular plants have no vessels (vascular tissue) for transporting food and water. Therefore, they are all very small and grow in damp shady places. They include:
1. Division Bryophyta —mosses, liverworts and hornworts

19. Classification of Plants
The remaining eight divisions are all vascular plants.
Vascular plants have vessels (vascular tissue) to transport water and materials and help support the plant. Therefore they can grow very tall and are better suited to all land habitats. Some reproduce using spores and some use seeds. This chapter will look at the three divisions of seedless vascular plants.
1. Division Lycophyta —club mosses
2. Division Sphenophyta —horsetails
3. Division Pterophyta —ferns

20. Division Bryophyta Mosses are the most common type of bryophyte.
10,000 different species
All are simple, rootless plants with leaf-like growths in a spiral around a stalk.
Root-like threads called rhizoids replace true roots and hold the moss in place.
Most range in size from 2-5cm in height.

21. Division Bryophyta
Liverworts—simple, rootless plants that have a flattened, leaf-like body. Their name means, “liver herb” and in the Middle Ages, people believed this plant looked like one’s liver.

22. Division Bryophyta
Hornworts—small plants with flat, round, leaf-like structures. It’s sporophyte looks like an animal’s horn. They live near lakes and rivers.

23. Importance of Bryophytes
Bryophytes such as mosses and liverworts are often called pioneer plants because they are the first to grow in new or disturbed areas.
Nonvascular plants like them were also probably the first land plants to evolve millions of years ago.
Many people use peat moss from bogs in agriculture and gardening.

24. - The Plant Kingdom
Complex Life Cycles
Simple plants like mosses and other bryophytes have complex life cycles that include two different stages: the sporophyte stage and the gametophyte stage.

25. - Mosses, Liverworts, and Hornworts
A moss gametophyte is the green leafy part of the plant and the root-like rhizoids. There are separate male and female gametophytes.
The moss sporophyte is made of a stalk and a capsule. It grows from the zygote cell and will produce new spores that will grow into new gametophytes.

26. Another look at the
moss reproduction
process.

27. Links on Nonvascular Plants
- Mosses, Liverworts, and Hornworts
Links on Nonvascular Plants
Click the SciLinks button for links on
nonvascular plants.

28. Charact. of Seedless Vascular Plants
- Ferns, Club Mosses, and Horsetails
Charact. of Seedless Vascular Plants
Ferns, club mosses, and horsetails also reproduce using spores not seeds. However, they have vascular tissue which means they can grow much taller. There are three divisions of seedless vascular plants.

29. Division Lycophyta
Division Lycophyta— also known as club moss. Produce spores in structures that look like tiny pinecones. Sometimes called ground pine.

30. Division Sphenophyta
Division Sphenophyta—also known as horsetails. Stems are jointed with a hollow center. They contain silica (a gritty substance found in sand). They were used by pioneers to scour their pots and pans.

31. Division Pterophyta
Division Pterophyta—includes all species of ferns. Largest group of seedless vascular plants. Ancient species were huge (25 meters). Today, the largest species are meters. These ancient fern forests formed today’s coal deposits.

32. Characteristics of Ferns
- Ferns, Club Mosses, and Horsetails
Characteristics of Ferns
Most ferns have underground stems in addition to roots. The leaves, or fronds, grow above ground.

33. Fern Reproduction
Ferns and other seedless vascular plants also reproduce using a sporophyte and a gametophyte generation.
Fern sporophyte with
spore cases called sori
Fern gametophyte with young
sporophyte beginning to grow

34. Fern Life Cycle
The sporophyte is the fern leaf or “frond”. On the underside of the frond are spore cases called sori. These release thousands of spores. A spore grows into a heart-shaped gametophyte called a prothallium. It is held in place by root-like structures called rhizoids and has both sperm and egg cells on it. They unite and a new sporophyte begins to grow.

35. Wrap-up
Both mosses and ferns rely on water for reproduction because the sperm cells must swim to egg cells. Therefore, these plants live only in fairly moist areas. It wasn’t until plants evolved seeds for reproduction that they truly became successful in all land habitats.
Seed producing vascular plants include all other plants not discussed in this chapter. We will be studying them next.

36. Graphic Organizer Characteristic Moss Fern Size Small and low
Can be tall
Environment
Moist
Moist
Rootlike, stemlike,
leaflike structures
True roots,
stems, and leaves
Body parts
Familiar generation
Gametophyte
Sporophyte
Is true vascular
tissue present? No
Yes