1. Paul Fernee - Technical Advisor Industry and Waste Tech Services National Operations Technical Services Management of Air Pollution Control Residues from MWI

2. ‘Future proofing’ Key factors Efficient use of energy Recovery of residues Bottom ash (IBA) Air pollution control residues (APCR) Landfill derogations for residues

3. Scope Classification and Coding of APCR Past – historic treatment practices etc. Present - Current permitted disposal and recovery activities Future ? - Defra's Hazardous Waste Strategy and 3xWAC

5. Coding and classifying APCR wastes Two APCR abatement media used Carbonate based APCR – few sites Lime based APCR - majority APCR classified as hazardous waste Hazardous by irritant (H4) and sometimes ecotoxic (H14) EWC 19 01 07*

8. Past Management of APCR wastes Landfill Mine infilling Neutralisation and landfill ‘Conditioning’ and landfill Use in partial stabilisation Via mixing pits Via enclosed and abated mixing plant

9. History Landfilling APCR

10. Mixing pit

11. Containerised wastes usually shredded before ‘partial stabilisation’

12. Mixing pit = no process control / abatement

13. CSG Lanstar - Stabilisation plant

14. Veolia – APCR neutralisation

15. The Present – Regulatory Requirements Regulatory drivers Waste Incineration Directive = now Industrial Emissions Directive IPPC Directive = now Industrial Emissions Directive Waste Framework Directive = 3xWAC Financial Drivers Landfill tax and increasing transport costs Raw materials cost

16. The Present – Regulatory Requirements Waste Incineration Directive (Now IED) Residues resulting from the operation of the incineration or co-incineration plant shall be minimised in their amount and harmfulness. Residues shall be recycled, where appropriate, directly in the plant or outside in accordance with relevant Community legislation. http://www.defra.gov.uk/publications/files/pb13570-wid-guidance-091001.pdf

17. The Present – Regulatory Requirements IPPC Directive (Article 3) (c) waste production is avoided in accordance with Directive 2006/12/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 April 2006 on waste; where waste is produced, it is recovered or, where that is technically and economically impossible, it is disposed of while avoiding or reducing any impact on the environment; Use BAT… H1 ?

18. The Present – Regulatory Requirements Waste Directive 2008/98/EC Article 4 - Waste hierarchy 1. The following waste hierarchy shall apply as a priority order in waste prevention and management legislation and policy: (a) prevention; (b) preparing for re-use; (c) recycling; (d) other recovery, e.g. energy recovery; and (e) disposal. best overall environmental outcome…..departing from the hierarchy where this is justified by life-cycle thinking on the overall impacts of the generation and management of such waste.

19. The Present – Currently Permitted Alternative treatment technologies (to incineration) = no APCR Thermal desorption APCR to gypsum substitute Washing APCR / neutralisation to aggregate Accelerated carbonation Alternative cement replacement

20. Mixer Shredder Loading hoist To ‘pit’ Loading hoist Input hopper Castle Environmental – Stabilisation / Mixing Plant

21. New technology in UK Augean - Thermal desorption plant

22. Tradebe -Thermal desorption plant

23. Future Industrial Services – Lime APCR recovery process

24. Castle Environmental – APCR recovery process

25. The Present – Currently Permitted Alternative treatment technologies (to incineration) = no APCR Thermal desorption APCR to gypsum substitute Washing APCR / neutralisation to aggregate Accelerated carbonation - Carbonate Alternative cement replacement Vitrification

26. Other treatment options are available

28. Future Regulatory Factors Implementation of Waste Hierarchy 3 x WAC derogation review End of Waste Decisions More APCR into construction materials

29. The Future Defra Hazardous Waste Strategy Hazardous Waste Hierarchy Removal of 3xWAC derogations

30. 3 x WAC derogations 8 Hazardous Waste Landfills rely on 3x WAC derogations ~ 100,000 tonnes Have written to landfill operators requesting data No new derogations being issued Remove existing derogations and rely on ‘Problematic Waste Stream approach.

31. The Future More use in construction ? Mine stabilisation ? Separation of cleaner fraction? Extraction of valuable materials from APCR ? More research required.

32. Any Questions ? Paul Fernee Technical Advisor Industry and Waste Tech Services National Operations Technical Services