1. ISS-detectors BENE06 Frascati Alain Blondel ISS-detectors “--Evaluate the options for the neutrino detection systems -- define a baseline to be taken forward in a conceptual- design phase” “Provide a research-and-development program required to deliver the baseline design  Funding request for four years of detector R&D “2007-2010” (but more likely “2008-2011”) The nice thing with neutrino beams is that one can have more than one detector on the same beam line! Missions: see organization and list of authors in the end slides

2. ISS-detectors BENE06 Frascati Alain Blondel Mid-energy region: QE+ 1  + n  Super beam (Numi off, T2KK, CNGS+) high Energy beta-beam (CERN highQ or SPS+) WATER CHERENKOV (Mton) TASD (NOvA), Larg TPC Low energy region: QE dominates Low energy super beam (T2K, T2HK, T2KK, Frejus) Low energy beta-beam (CERN baseline scenario) WATER CHERENKOV (Mton) High-energy region: DIS Neutrino Factory Magnetized Iron Emulsion large magnet around: emulsion, TASD, Larg

3. ISS-detectors BENE06 Frascati Alain Blondel

4. Superbeam & beta-beam: Non-MAGNETIC Nu-Fact: MAGNETIC DETECTORS

5. ISS-detectors BENE06 Frascati Alain Blondel Executive summary: I. baseline detectors beamFar detectorR&D needed sub-GeV BB and SB (MEMPHYS, T2K) Megaton WCphotosensors! cavern and infrastructure 1-5 GeV BB and SB no established baseline TASD (NOvA-like) Liquid Argon TPC or Megaton WC photosensors and detectors long drifts, long wires, LEMs Neutrino Factory (20-50 GeV, 2000-7000km) ~100kton magnetized iron calorimeter (golden) wrong sign muons + ~10 kton non-magnetic ECC (silver) wrong-sign tau (mu decay) straightforward from MINOS simulation+physics studies ibid vs OPERA

6. ISS-detectors BENE06 Frascati Alain Blondel Executive summary II. beyond the baseline, (but should be studied) beamFar detectorR&D needed sub-GeV BB and SB (MEMPHYS, T2K) Liquid Argon TPC (100kton) clarify what is the advantage wrt WC? 1-5 GeV BB and SB no established baseline Neutrino Factory (20-50 GeV, 2500-7000km) platinum detectors! large coil around TASD Larg ECC engineering study for magnet! simulations and physics evaluation; photosensors, long drift, etc…

7. ISS-detectors BENE06 Frascati Alain Blondel Executive summary: III: near detector, beam instrumentation beamBI, NDR&D needed sub-GeV BB and SB (MEMPHYS, T2K) T2K example…. CONCEPT for precision measurements? concept simulations theory 1-2 GeV BB and SB (off axis NUMI, high  BB) NOvA example.. CONCEPT for precision measurements? ibid Neutrino Factory (20-50 GeV, 2500-7000km) beam intensity (BCT) beam energy +polarization beam divergence meast shielding leptonic detector hadronic detector need study -- need study need concept simul+study simul+study+ Vtx det R&D

8. ISS-detectors BENE06 Frascati Alain Blondel Water Cerenkov -- can be made in very large volumes (already SK =50kton) -- very well known technology -- other applications: proton decay, low energy natural neutrinos, atmospheric, solar and SN neutrinos, Gadzooks, etc… -- cannot be magnetized easily -- pattern recognition ~limited to 1 ring events (--> sub GeV neutrinos) -- baseline detector for sub-GeV neutrinos. -- three projects around the world: HK, UNO, MEMPHYS -- community organized and coordinated in its own cost estimates range from 0.5 G$ (HK) to 1G€ (MEMPHYS) for 1 MTon

9. ISS-detectors BENE06 Frascati Alain Blondel The MEMPHYS Project 65m Fréjus CERN 130km 4800mwe Excavation engineering pre-study has been done for 5 shafts Water Cerenkov modules at Fréjus CERN to Fréjus Neutrino Super-beam and Beta-beam

10. ISS-detectors BENE06 Frascati Alain Blondel Possible experimental set-up JPARC Off-axis angle 2.5deg.off-axis beam @Kamioka Distance from the target (km) 2.5 deg. off axis Total cost must be similar to the baseline design.

11. ISS-detectors BENE06 Frascati Alain Blondel -- Liquid Argon TPC: DOE (detector of everything) it can do everything, can it do anything BETTER? than a dedicated standard technique to be quantitatively demonstrated case by case. impressive progress from ICARUS T600 recent highlights -- effort at FERMILAB (FLARE) -- 2 efforts in EU: ICARUS and GLACIER -- observation of operation in magnetic field -- programme on-going to demonstrate long drift, or long wires talks by Badertscher, Menary, A.Rubbia INFN ICARUS were contacted and added to mailing list with no further result.

12. ISS-detectors BENE06 Frascati Alain Blondel considerable noise reduction can be obtained by gas amplification

13. ISS-detectors BENE06 Frascati Alain Blondel height is limited by high voltage 1kV/cm  2 MV for 20m… field degrader in liquid argon tested  (Cockroft-Greinacher circuit)

14. ISS-detectors BENE06 Frascati Alain Blondel An ideal detector exploiting a Neutrino Factory should: Identify and measure the charge of the muon (“golden channel”) with high accuracy Identify and measure the charge of the electron with high accuracy (“Platinum channel”) Identify the  decays (“silver channel”) Measure the complete kinematics of an event in order to increase the signal/back ratio NEUTRINO FACTORY DETECTORS

15. ISS-detectors BENE06 Frascati Alain Blondel -- Magnetized Iron Neutrinofactory Detector*) this is a typical NUFACT detector for E  GeV GOLDEN CHANNEL experience from MINOS & NOvA designs prepared for Monolith and INO iron-scintillator sandwich with sci-fi + APD read-out proposed straightforward design 90kton for ~175M$ (Nelson) e     *) MIND

16. ISS-detectors BENE06 Frascati Alain Blondel at 3000 km, 1 st max is at 6 GeV 2d max is at 2 GeV …but there are no events down there…

17. ISS-detectors BENE06 Frascati Alain Blondel Magnetized Iron calorimeter (baseline detector, Cervera, Nelson) B = 1 T  = 15 m, L = 25 m t(iron) =4cm, t(sc)=1cm Fiducial mass = 100 kT Charge discrimination down to 1 GeV very similar to MINOS/NOvA/ND280 ex. detector: sci. fi. detector with multipixel APD readout Baseline 3500 Km 732 Km 10 9 4 x 10 7 2 x 10 9 7.5 x 10 7 3.4 x 10 5 3 x 10 5  CC e CC  signal (sin 2  13 =0.01) Event rates for 10 21 muon decays for 50 GeV beam (J-PARC I  SK = 40)

18. ISS-detectors BENE06 Frascati Alain Blondel Multi-Pixel-Photon-Counter Operation baseline detectors for T2K ND280 detectors! Kudenko

19. ISS-detectors BENE06 Frascati Alain Blondel New analysis (Cervera) OLD: P  > 5 GeV NEW: L  > L had + 75cm (shown for three different purity levels down to << 10 -4 ) probably underestimated efficiency in GeV region should be fully evaluated with QE included. old analysis new analysis NB performance of INO should be similarly evaluated

20. ISS-detectors BENE06 Frascati Alain Blondel supermodule 8 m Target Trackers Pb/Em. target ECC emulsion analysis: Vertex, decay kink e/  ID, multiple scattering, kinematics Extract selected brick Pb/Em. brick 8 cm Pb 1 mm Basic “cell” Emulsion BASELINE SILVER DETECTOR Electronic detectors: Brick finding, muon ID, charge and p Link to muon ID, Candidate event Spectrometer  p/p < 20%

21. ISS-detectors BENE06 Frascati Alain Blondel LARGE MAGNETIC VOLUME MIND + emulsions providegolden + silver + silver with low efficiency (muon decays) these are feasible and of established performance. platinum Observing the platinum channel   e silver or the silver channel e   for more decay channels requires a dedicated Low Z and very fine grained detector immersed in a large magnetic volume (CF NOMAD)

22. ISS-detectors BENE06 Frascati Alain Blondel

23. as of NUFACT06: X 10 Magnets=140-600M perhaps as low as 60M$ (A. Bross P.C.) conventional SC magnet: A Bross

24. ISS-detectors BENE06 Frascati Alain Blondel x ~ a few X0=14cm…. B > 0.5 T

25. ISS-detectors BENE06 Frascati Alain Blondel

27. FIRST INDICATION THAT THE PLATINUM CHANNEL COULD BE USED!

28. ISS-detectors BENE06 Frascati Alain Blondel SYSTEMATICS - related topics

29. ISS-detectors BENE06 Frascati Alain Blondel A revealing comparison: A detailed comparison of the capability of observing CP violation was performed by P. Huber (+M. Mezzetto and AB) on the following grounds -- GLOBES was used. -- T2HK from LOI: 1000kt, 4MW beam power, 6 years anti-neutrinos, 2 years neutrinos. systematic errors on background and signal: 5%. -- The beta-beam 5.8 10 18 He dk/year 2.2 10 18 Ne dk/year (5 +5yrs) The Superbeam from 3.5 GeV SPL and 4 MW. Same 500kton detector Systematic errors on signal efficiency (or cross-sections) and bkgs are 2% or 5%. --NUFACT 3.1 10 20  + and 3.1 10 20  + per year for 10 years 100 kton iron-scintillator at 3000km and 30 kton at 7000km (e.g. INO). (old type!) The matter density errors of the two baselines (uncorrelated): 2 to 5% The systematics are 0.1% on the signal and 20% on the background, uncorrelated. all correlations, ambiguities, etc… taken into account

30. ISS-detectors BENE06 Frascati Alain Blondel What do we learn? 1.Both (BB+SB+MD) and NUFACT outperform e.g. T2HK on most cases. 2. combination of BB+SB is really powerful. 3. for sin 2 2   below 0.01 NUFACT as such outperforms anyone 4. for large values of   systematic errors dominate: Matter effects for NUFACT, cross-sections for low energy beams. This is because we are at first maximum or above,  CP asymmetry is small! matter effect for NUFACT

31. ISS-detectors BENE06 Frascati Alain Blondel Such a study, in collaboration with geophysicists will be needed for candidate LBL sites ISS-3 at RAL Warner, Peltoniemi for specific CERN-Pihasalmi case <2% equiv WORST CASE: Expect <2% syst. after specific study

32. ISS-detectors BENE06 Frascati Alain Blondel Near detectors and flux instrumentation

33. ISS-detectors BENE06 Frascati Alain Blondel near detector constraints for CP violation = A CP  sin 2    solar term… sin  sin (  m 2 12 L/4E) sin   sin   P( e   ) - P( e   ) P( e   ) + P( e   ) Near detector gives e diff. cross-section*detection-eff *flux and ibid for bkg BUT: need to know  and  diff. cross-section* detection-eff with small (relative) systematic errors.  knowledge of cross-sections (relative to each-other) required  knowledge of flux! interchange role of e and  for superbeam ex. beta-beam or nufact:

34. ISS-detectors BENE06 Frascati Alain Blondel need to know this: experimental signal= signal cross-section X efficiency of selection + Background and of course the fluxes… but the product flux*  sig is measured in the near detector this is not a totally trivial quantity as there is somethig particular in each of these cross-sections: for instance the effects of muon mass as well as nuclear effects are different for neutrinos and anti-neutrinos while e.g. pion threshold is different for muon and electron neutrinos

35. ISS-detectors BENE06 Frascati Alain Blondel at 250 MeV (first maximum in Frejus expt) prediction varies from 0.88 to 0.94 according to nuclear model used. (= +- 0.03?) for WATER: (free protons + Oxygen)

36. ISS-detectors BENE06 Frascati Alain Blondel FLUX in NUFACT will be known to 10 -3 see NUFACT YELLOW REPORT this was studied including -- principle design of polarimeter, and absolute energy calibration -- principle design of angular divergence measurement <-- to revisit -- radiative corrections to muon decay -- absolute x-section calibration using neutrino – electron interactions (event number etc… considered) this is true for

37. ISS-detectors BENE06 Frascati Alain Blondel Near detector and beam instrumentation at NUFACT BCT

38. ISS-detectors BENE06 Frascati Alain Blondel CONCLUSIONS -I The ISS detector task assembled in a new fashion a range of activities that are happening in the world. A number of new results were obtained and baseline detectors were defined. For low energy beams, the Water Cherenkov can be considered as baseline detector technology at least below pion threshold. An active international activity exists in this domain. 1Mton~(0.5-1) G€ For medium energy (1-5 GeV) there is comptetiton and it is not obvious which detector (WC, Larg or TASD) gives the best performance at a given cost. Larg claims need to be quantified.

39. ISS-detectors BENE06 Frascati Alain Blondel CONCLUSIONS II golden channel. For the neutrino factory a 100 kton magnetized iron detector can be built at a cost of ~200 M$ for the golden channel. silver A non-magnetic Emulsion Cloud Chamber (ECC) detector for silver (tau) detection can be added with a mass of >~5 kton These constitute the BASELINE. platinum Low Z magnetic detectors for platinum channel. There is interest/hope that low Z detectors can be embedded in a Large Magnetic Volume. At first sight difficulties and cost are very large. However this should be actively pursued. Electron sign determination up to ~10 GeV seems feasible for MECC, not for Liquid Argon and pure scintillator detector. Studies are ongoing.

40. ISS-detectors BENE06 Frascati Alain Blondel CONCLUSIONS III Near detector, beam instrumentation and cross-section measurements are absolutely required. The precision measurements such as CP constitute a new game wih respect to the present generation. For the future super-beam and beta beam the near detector and beam diagnostic systems need to be invented. There is a serious potential problem at low energy due to the interplay of muon mass effect and nuclear effects. A first evaluation was made at the occasion of the study. NUFACT flux and cross sections should be obtained with precision of 10 -3. An important design and simulation effort is required for the near detector and diagnostic area. (shielding strategy, etc…) Finally matter effects were discussed with the conclusion that a systematic error at 2% seems achievable with good collaboration with geologists.

41. ISS-detectors BENE06 Frascati Alain Blondel CONCLUSIONS IV The next generation of efforts should see a go at the design effort and R&D towards the design of precision neutrino experiments. There is a motivated core of people eager to do so and this activity will grow. THANKS!

42. ISS-detectors BENE06 Frascati Alain Blondel Organization Detector ‘council’ (i.e. steering group) role: ensure basic organization, and monitors progress wrt objectives Alain Blondel (Geneva) Alan Bross (Fermilab) Kenji Kaneyuki (ICRR) Paolo Strolin (INFN) Paul Soler (Glasgow) Mauro Mezzetto (Interface with physics) http://dpnc.unige.ch/users/blondel/detectors/detector-study.htm

43. ISS-detectors BENE06 Frascati Alain Blondel Water Cerenkov Detectors Kenji Kaneyuki, Jean-Eric Campagne Magnetic Sampling Detectors Jeff Nelson --> Anselmo Cervera http://dpnc.unige.ch/users/blondel/detectors/magneticdetector/SMD-web.htm TASD Malcolm Ellis Large Magnet Alan Bross Liquid Argon TPC http://www.hep.yorku.ca/menary/ISS/ Scott Menary, Andreas Badertscher, Claudio Montanari, Guiseppe Battistoni (FLARE/GLACIER/ICARUS’) Emulsion Detectors http://people.na.infn.it/~pmiglioz/ISS-ECC-G/ISSMainPage.html http://people.na.infn.it/~pmiglioz/ISS-ECC-G/ISSMainPage.html Pasquale Migliozzi Near Detectors http://ppewww.ph.gla.ac.uk/~psoler/ISS/ISS_Near_Detector.html Paul Soler Working groups Detector Technology will be associated with detector type for now dedicated detector technology session at ISS2 in KEK Jan06.

44. ISS-detectors BENE06 Frascati Alain Blondel ISS detector mailing list (78)

45. ISS-detectors BENE06 Frascati Alain Blondel Without calling specifically for candidate far detector sites we received two contributions of far sites that would welcome a neutrino factory beam 1. Pihäsalmi Finland (Juha Peltoniemi) 2. INO Indian Neutrino Observatory (PUSHEP at Tamilnadu) Naba Mondal betabeam and superbeam considered far detector sites This is a subject that will need to be pursued FAR SITES

46. ISS-detectors BENE06 Frascati Alain Blondel Highlights 1. WATER CHERENKOV -- First cost estimate of Frejus Megaton detector -- T2KK idea 2. MAGNETIZED IRON CALORIMETER -- realistic design and cost estimate -- revision of golden analysis ==> much better efficiency at low Energy 3. LARGE MAGNETIC VOLUME -- a new concept -- MECC detector could demonstrably do platimum channel 4. Liquid Argon -- impressive R&D efforts (long drift, long wires) 5. systematic related discussions -- matter effect for NUFACT -- nuclear effects for Low Energy beam 6. Began first simulations of NuFACT near detectors

47. ISS-detectors BENE06 Frascati Alain Blondel review of far detector options -- Water Cherenkov -- Liquid argon (non magnetic) -- magnetized iron calorimeter -- ECC -- large magnetic volumes -- for TASD -- for ECC -- for liquid argon -- detector technology

48. ISS-detectors BENE06 Frascati Alain Blondel MEMPHYS: Main results of the preliminary study Best site (rock quality) in the middle of the mountain, at a depth of 4800 mwe Cylindrical shafts feasible:  = 65 m and a height h = 80 m (≈ 250 000 m 3 )  215 000 tons of water (4 times SK) - 4 m from outside for veto and fiducial cut  146 000 tons fiducial target 3 modules would give 440 kilotons Fid. (like UNO) BASELINE estimated excavation cost ≈ 80 M€ X Nb of shafts this number should be >~ doubled for photo-detectors, electronics and other infrastructure (--> >~500 M€ for three shafts = 440 kton fiducial) -- >~G€ for a megaton --

49. ISS-detectors BENE06 Frascati Alain Blondel NB about 300 Oku-Yen should be included for the beam upgrade HK

50. ISS-detectors BENE06 Frascati Alain Blondel 3.5 GeV SPL  beam -- low proton energy: no Kaons  e background is low --region below pion threshold (low bkg from pions) but: low event rate and uncertainties on cross-sections