1. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 4 Force A force is a push or pull exerted on an object which may change the object’s state of rest or motion. Forces can cause accelerations. The SI unit of force is the Newton, N. Forces can act through contact (contact force) or at a distance (field force). Section 1 Changes in Motion

2. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 4 Force Diagrams The effect of a force depends on both magnitude and direction. Thus, force is a vector quantity. Section 1 Changes in Motion In a force diagram, vector arrows represent all the forces acting in a situation. A free-body diagram shows only the forces acting on the object of interest—in this case, the car. Force DiagramFree-Body Diagram

3. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 4 Drawing a Free-Body Diagram Section 1 Changes in Motion

4. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 4 Normal Force

5. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 4 Normal Force The normal force acts on a surface in a direction perpendicular to the surface. The normal force is not always opposite in direction to the force due to gravity.

6. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 4 Net Force The net force is the vector sum of all forces acting on an object. The net force on an object can be found by using the methods for finding resultant vectors. Section 2 Newton’s First Law Although several forces are acting on this car, the vector sum of the forces is zero. Thus, the net force is zero.

7. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 4 Newton’s First Law An object at rest remains at rest and an object in motion continues in motion with constant velocity (that is, constant speed in a straight line) unless the object experiences a net external force. In other words, when the net external force on an object is zero, the object’s acceleration (or the change in the object’s velocity) is zero. Section 2 Newton’s First Law

8. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 4 Newton’s Second Law The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on the object and inversely proportional to the object’s mass.  F = ma net force = mass  acceleration Section 3 Newton’s Second and Third Laws  F represents the vector sum of all external forces acting on the object, or the net force.

9. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 4 Newton’s Third Law For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. Because the forces coexist, either force can be called the action or the reaction. Section 3 Newton’s Second and Third Laws

10. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Practice B A man is pulling on a sled with a force of 70.0 N directed at an angle of 30 degrees above the horizontal. Draw a free body diagram for this situation. Find the x and y components of his force The wind exerts a force of 452 N north on a sailboat, while the water exerts a force of 325 N west on the sailboat. Find the magnitude and direction of the net force on the sailboat. Chapter 4 Section 2 Newton’s First Law

11. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section Review Page 129 #1 – 5 Pg 145 #1, 4, 6, 8, 11 Chapter 4 Section 2 Newton’s First Law

12. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Misconceptions If an object is moving, there must be some force making it move. Wrong! It could be moving without accelerating. If v = 0, then a and F net must be zero. Wrong! Think of a projectile shot straight up at its peak. An object must move in the direction of the net force. Wrong! It must accelerate that way but not necessarily move that way.

13. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Misconceptions (cont.) Heavy objects must fall faster than light ones. Wrong! The rate is the same in a vacuum. When a big object collides with a little one, the big one hits the little one harder than the little one hits the big one. Wrong! The 3 rd Law says they hit it each other with the same force. If an object accelerates, its speed must change. Wrong! It could be turning at constant speed.

14. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section Review Open books to page 134 # 1, 3, 5 Homework pg. 146 # 19, 21, 22 Chapter 4 Section 3 Newton’s Second and Third Laws

15. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 4 Weight Section 4 Everyday Forces The gravitational force (F g ) exerted on an object by Earth is a vector quantity, directed toward the center of Earth. The magnitude of this force (F g ) is a scalar quantity called weight. Weight changes with the location of an object in the universe.

16. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 4 Weight, continued Section 4 Everyday Forces Calculating weight at any location : F g = ma g a g = free-fall acceleration at that location Calculating weight on Earth's surface: a g = g = 9.81 m/s 2 F g = mg = m(9.81 m/s 2 )