1. Why Publish? Production and transfer of knowledge Advance your field Professional development Career advancement Societal benefits

2. How do I publish? Idea Work Write Peer Review Publish

3. From: M. Ware. 2015. The STM Report, An overview of scientific and scholarly journal publishing. 4 th edition. $

4. Writing Read. Analyze how well written papers are structured and flow. Set aside a fixed time to write each day, clear of distractions. Put ideas on paper, even if in outline form. Practice. There is no substitute for writing and having others critique your work. Don’t get discouraged. For most people, first attempts are not pretty. Beware of plagiarism http://www.lib.usm.edu/legacy/plag/plagiarismtutorial.php

5. Writing Tools Citation Managers – handle literature cited and many formatting issues easily. Free (!) Zotero (www.zotero.org) Mendely (www.mendely.com)www.mendely.com Not Free EndNote (web version free) Reference Manager, Biblioscape, RefWorks Summary on Wikipedia page (reference manager software)

6. Where to Submit? Decide on a strategy for where to submit your work (in consultation with coauthors). Key questions: Is it appropriate for that journal? How likely is it to be accepted? How broadly will it be seen? How quickly will it be reviewed?

7. Eigenfactor Top journals in the field Relative rate of citation among fields

8. Eigenfactor Journal rankings in any given field. Total number of articles, average article influence over time. Cost effectiveness.

9. Where to Submit? In choosing an outlet for your work, read author guidelines. Should be information on: Types of papers taken Time to first decision Rejection rate (sometimes) Format (length, required sections, tables and figures, costs, literature cited, etc.) Other considerations Journal reputation and visibility (impact factors, journal analytics) Are papers like mine in this journal?

10. Impact Factors Impact factors are designed to provide metrics of how broadly read and cited papers in a journal are. Impact Factor – A/B where: A: total number of times papers in that journal were cited over the last two years B: Total number of articles published over the last year Journal X has an impact of 1.5 If the journal contained 50 articles in 2013, then those articles were cited (cumulatively) 75 times in 2013-2014. Journals may try and artificially inflate impact factors Encourage citation of their own papers Discourage publication of important papers that are not cited often Early online availability to maximize exposure (causes issues with publication date)

11. Citation Metrics Other metrics focus on total citations over longer periods, may exclude self citations h-index – Largest number (h) such that there are h papers cited h or more times. g-index – Number of papers (g) where g > total citations 0.5 i-index – Number of papers with 10 or more citations

12. Peer Review Editor or editorial board will review submitted papers, decide whether or not they are appropriate. If appropriate, editor starts the peer review process Reviewers should be peers, knowledgeable in the field and anonymous. Some journals have double blind system. Authors should always suggest reviewers, can suggest reviews to avoid. Invited review or paper

13. Peer Review Most journals will list review criteria, that is often informative. Reviewers are asked a series of questions (often specific to the journal and field) Is this manuscript suitable for publication? Accept, accept with minor revisions, accept with major revisions, reject in present version, reject as flawed, inappropriate for journal Is the manuscript current with respect to the issues and literature involved? Are the descriptions accurate? Are the interpretations and conclusions justified? Are the illustrations necessary and satisfactory? Confidential remarks for the Editor Remarks to be sent to the author

14. Peer Review Editors are managing multiple manuscripts at a time…

15. Peer Review Reviewers should: be constructive (they are not always) be detailed and provide a framework for revision that improves the work (they often do not) provide thoughtful and insightful comments (they sometimes do not) work quickly (they sometimes do not) avoid personal bias (they sometimes do not) Studies show the typical reviewer spends 5 hours on a review and reviews 8 articles a year. Editors should: consider the quality and appropriateness of the reviews provide a synthesis and recommendation make their thoughts clear if they do not agree with a reviewer

16. Peer Review Reviewer Crisis – lack of availability of quality reviewers Emphasis on Numbers of publications (LPU) Impact factors Proliferation of journals No credit given for providing review (anonymous, service not valued, thankless job) Major editor challenge is finding reviewers Some fields commonly have 90% requests to review rejected Authors should provide 3 reviews for each paper submitted System for rewarding reviewers in some way may help Frankly, some reviewers do a poor job. Journals keep track of this. 2014 – 28,100 journals produced 2.4 million articles

17. What happens when peer review fails SCIgen – software to automatically generate scientific papers (developed by MIT).

18. Peer Review Fraud In other cases, authors have succeeded in submitting fraudulent research, and then provided their own fraudulent reviews

19. Revisions Consider using the J. Schaefer “24 hour rule” – no communication with anyone for 24 hours after reading reviews. If reviewers disagree, the editor should have clarified. If not, feel free to contact the editor. Be respectful of reviewers, even if you are convinced they are incorrect. Acknowledge them if they provided useful feedback Be thorough. Address every comment, no matter how minor it may seem. Some journals request a “track changes” version of revised manuscript. Read instructions.

20. Economics of Publishing Publishing costs money, traditionally in typesetting, printing and then distribution of paper journals. Models for covering costs Society dues, subscription fees to receive journal (European model) Charge authors a fee per page (page charges) for publication (US model) Technology has shifted costs Typesetting is easier Online publishing (“printing” and distribution) is cheaper Page charges, dues and subscription fees have not declined!

21. Economics of Publishing In the sciences, some journals charge $20-40K for annual subscription. Page charges can be as high as $5K per article. Massive consolidation of publishing industry. Open access model (e.g. www.plos.org) Page charges paid 100% by authors Works are copyrighted but available online to all Typically rapid turnaround Discuss page charges with your advisor or department before submission.

22. Economics of Publishing Consolidation of industry to 4 major publishers (Elsevier, Thompson Reuters, Springer and Wiley) $10.7 billion in sales, ~50% of which is scientific journals. Profit from paper book sales show a long trend downward (Ebooks on the rise, now ~20% of book sales).

23. Predatory Journals Journals seeking to cash in on high subscription costs or page charges. Will promise publication regardless of peer review outcome. Check editorial boards, impact factors and citation metrics. Be very suspicious of email solicitations to submit a paper.