1. Understanding child deprivation in the European Union: the multiple overlapping deprivation analysis (EU-MODA) approach SPA Conference 2014 Yekaterina Chzhen (ychzhen@unicef.org)

2. 2 1.Grounded in international children’s rights (CRC 1989) 2.Uses a child-centered life cycle approach: 3 age groups 3.Builds on the existing tools of multidimensional poverty measurement (Bristol, Oxford OPHI, Marlier & Guio) 4.Identifies the characteristics of deprived children 5.Supports cross-cutting and multi-sectoral policy making 6.Integrates monetary poverty analysis and deprivation analysis EU-MODA: introduction

3. 3 EU-MODA Data from the EU-SILC 2009: EU-27 plus NO and IS Child-centred deprivation indicators from the Material Deprivation module Deprivation is defined as lacking an item because the household cannot afford it or for any other reason Four levels of analysis Single deprivation Multiple deprivation Monetary poverty Multiple deprivation and monetary poverty overlap Three age-groups National and comparative

4. 4 UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989)

5. 5 EU-MODA: Dimensions of deprivation Below minimum compulsory school age (excluding those under one) Nutrition Clothing Early childhood education and care (ECEC) Child development Information Housing School age, under 16 Nutrition Clothing Educational resources Leisure Social Information Housing Age 17-18 Clothing Activity Leisure and social Healthcare access Information Housing Age 17-18: no data for BE, CZ, DK, FI, IS, NL, NO, SE, SI, UK due to high incidence of missing values

6. 6 EU-MODA: Indicators of deprivation Nutrition Fruit/vegetables once a day One meal with meat once a day Clothing Some new clothes Two pairs of shoes ECEC / Educational resources / Economic activity Pre-school: at least one hour a week in formal childcare School age: School trips & Suitable place at home to study Aged 17-18: Not in education, employment, or training (NEET)

7. 7 EU-MODA: Indicators of deprivation Child development / leisure / social Pre-school: Books at home; Games (outdoor, indoor); Social activities (celebrations, friends) School-age: Books at home; Games (outdoor, indoor); Social activities; Regular leisure activity – Leisure dimension Celebrations on special occasions; Having friends round to play – Social dimension Aged 17-18: Social life; regular leisure activity Healthcare access (aged 17-18 only) Unmet medical need Unmet dental need There was at least once occasion during the last 12 months when the person really needed examination or treatment but did not have it for any reason.

8. 8 EU-MODA: Indicators of deprivation Information Computer Internet Mobile phone (aged 17-18 only) Housing Overcrowding (Eurostat definition) Water and sanitation The dwelling lacks at least one of the following: a bath/shower for sole use of the household; an indoor flushing toilet for sole use of the household; hot running water Multiple housing problems The dwelling suffers from at least one of the following: a leaking roof, damp roof/walls/foundation, rot in window frames or floor; there is not enough day light coming through the windows.

9. 9 EU-MODA: Indicators of deprivation DimensionPre-school-ageSchool-age17-18 Nutrition Fruit/vegetables once a day One meal with meat once a day Clothing Some new clothes Two pairs of shoes Education Early childhood education and care (ECEC) School trips Not in education, employment or training (NEET) Suitable place at home to study Child development Books at home Games (outdoor, indoor) Social activities (celebrations, inviting friends) Leisure Books at home Games (outdoor, indoor) Regular leisure activity Social Celebrations on special occasions Social life Having friends round to play Information Computer Mobile phone Computer Internet Housing Overcrowding Sanitation Multiple housing problems

10. 10 MODA INTERACTIVE WEB PORTAL EU-MODA web portal (under construction) http://www.devinfolive.info/dashboard/eumoda_adj/index.php CC-MODA web portal http://www.unicef-irc.org/MODA/

11. 11 EU-MODA illustration 3 countries: Finland, Romania and the United Kingdom 1 age group: pre-school age children Selected results Single deprivation Multiple deprivation Overlaps between monetary poverty and multidimensional deprivation

12. 12 Single deprivation FIUKRO Nutrition Fruit/vegetables once a day3.85.923.1 One meal with meat once a day0.53.027.8 Clothing Some new clothes3.63.923.3 Two pairs of shoes1.510.917.1 ECEC Early childhood education and care (ECEC)21.816.727.9 Child development Books at home1.31.838.6 Games (outdoor, indoor)0.00.849.6 Social activities0.21.129.1 Information Computer3.19.358.6 Internet4.413.867.4 Housing Overcrowding4.811.171.8 Sanitation2.91.054.0 Multiple housing problems8.824.730.7

13. 13 Multiple deprivation

14. 14 Distribution of number of deprivations by country

15. 15 Deprivation overlap of three dimensions (Child Development, Housing, Nutrition): Finland

16. 16 Deprivation overlap of three dimensions (Child Development, Housing, Nutrition): Romania

17. 17 Multidimensional deprivation ratios FinlandUKRomania Cut-offH (%)A (%) M0M0 H (%)A (%) M0M0 H (%)A (%) M0M0 1-637.120.6 0.08 55.224.6 0.14 93.451.6 0.48 2-68.334.5 0.03 19.239.3 0.08 80.157.3 0.46 3-60.6 5.056.0 0.03 59.065.9 0.39 4-60.0 1.3 33.078.5 0.26 5-60.0 0.5 20.186.1 0.17

18. 18 Decomposition of the adjusted deprivation headcount by dimension

19. 19 Deprivation headcounts for poor and non-poor children Note: *p<0.05.

20. 20 Overlap between monetary poverty and multiple deprivation: 60% of the median; 1+ dimensions Poor only 5.1% FinlandUKRomania

21. 21 Predictors of income poverty and deprivation (odds ratios) Poor and deprivedDeprived onlyPoor only FIUKROFIUKROFIUK Thinly populated area3.53**1.1216.29***1.190.720.28***0.600.94 Main carer has tertiary education0.630.71-0.71*0.96-0.40*0.54 One or more migrants in the household 2.66*1.71-0.46*1.06-1.210.73 Three or more children under 16 in the household 3.55***1.641.93*1.33*0.850.762.03*1.84 Lives in owned accommodation0.21***0.33**0.600.52**0.711.200.630.73 One or both parents are not present in the household 0.980.942.39*1.191.67*0.821.640.67 Adults in the household work at least half of the potential time (WI>=0.5) 0.11***0.08***0.26***1.87*3.21***2.68**0.22***0.26* Intercept0.20**1.060.14**0.38**0.31***2.040.21**0.16*** N157384358315738435831573843 Pseudo R-squared0.33 0.230.03 0.100.150.10

22. 22 Conclusions EU-MODA can be successfully applied to all EU member states using the same definitions and cut-offs/thresholds. The prevalence and intensity of multidimensional deprivation can be compared using various cut-offs. The degree of overlap between different dimensions is largest in RO and smallest in FI. The largest differences between FI, RO and UK are observed wrt: Housing Information Child development

23. 23 THANK YOU!