1. CLASSIFICATION

2. Three Domains

3. Three Domains

4. Phylogenetic trees
A phylogenetic tree is a branching diagram showing the evolutionary relationships among various biological species

5. Evidence Comparative anatomy
Using radioisotope dating, such as Potassium-argon dating method. 40K has a half life of 1.248×109 years to 40Ca and 40Ar.
DNA analysis – The greater the difference, the longer ago two species separated

6. The Primates

7. Questions
1. Which two spiecies would you expect to show the greatest similarity in their DNA sequences?

8. Questions
How long ago did D. Melanogaster’s ancestors separate from the ancestors of D. pseudoobscura to form two separate species
Which species would you expect to be most similar to D. ananassae: D. Persimilis or D. Secheilia?
D = Drosophila

9. Outline the binomial system of nomenclature.
Carl Linnæus or Carl von Linné (1707–1778).
The system of binomial nomenclature was developed by Carl Linnæus who learnt to speak Latin from a very young age. The names are in two parts (binomial), the first name being the name of the genus and the second the name of the species. Two organisms with the same genus name will be closely related. This is not so for the species name.

10. Cordulegaster boltonii

11. List seven levels in the hierarchy of taxa—kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus and species—using an example from two different kingdoms for each level.
Orcinus orca

12. List seven levels in the hierarchy of taxa—kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus and species—using an example from two different kingdoms for each level.
Kingdom .... Plantae
Phylum .... Magnoliophyta
Class .... Magnoliopsida
Order .... Fagales
Family .... Fagaceae
Genus .... Quercus
Species .... robur
Quercus robur
(English Oak)

13. Distinguish between the following phyla of plants, using simple external recognition features: bryophyta, filicinophyta, coniferophyta and
angiospermophyta.
Phylum
Roots, leaves and stems
Reproductive structures
Bryophyta
No roots, instead they have structures similar to root hairs called rhizoids. Mosses have simple leaves and stems.
Spores are produced in capsule. The capsule develops at the end of a stalk.
Filicinophyta
Have roots, leaves and short non-woody stems. Leaves are usually pinnate (divided into leaflets) and curled up in a bud
Spores are produced in sporangia, usually on the underside of the leaves.
Coniferophyta
Shrubs or trees with roots, leaves and woody stems. Leaves are usually narrow with thick waxy cuticle.
Seeds are produced from ovules on the surface of the scales of female cones. Male cones produce pollen.
Angiospermaphyta
Many different characteristics but usually have roots, leaves and stems. Stems of flowering plants that develop into shrubs and trees are woody.
Seeds are produced from ovules inside the ovaries. The ovaries are part of the flower. The fruits then develop from the ovaries and disperse the seeds.

14. Phylum angiospermophyta
Kingdom Plantae
bryophyta
Phylum
Phylum filicinophyta
Phylum coniferophyta
Phylum angiospermophyta

15. Phylum bryophyta
Rhizoids

16. Phylum filicinophyta
Fonds (pinnate leaves)
Sporangia
Rhizoid
Roots

17. Phylum coniferophyta
Seeds in cones
Needle-like leaves

18. Phylum angiospermophyta

19. Phylum Common Name Features bryophyta Mosses and liverworts
Kingdom Plantae
Phylum
Common Name
Features
bryophyta
Mosses and liverworts
No true roots
Produce spores
Grow in damp places
filicinophyta
Ferns
True roots
Leaves form fonds
coniferophyta
Conifers
Needle-like leaves
‘Naked’ seeds
angiospermophyta
Flowering Plants
Produce flowers
Produce seeds within a fruit

20. Phylum angiospermophyta
Phylum filicinophyta
Phylum
bryophyta
Sort the photographs in the centre into the four taxa by dragging the images into the correct sections
Phylum coniferophyta
Phylum angiospermophyta

21. Distinguish between the following phyla of animals, using simple external recognition features: porifera, cnidaria, platyhelminthes, annelida, mollusca and arthropoda.
Phylum
Features
Reproductive structures
porifera
no clear symmetry
attached to a surface
no mouth or anus
Example: Mermaid's Glove
Haliclona oculata
cnidaria
radially symmetric
tentacles with stinging cells
mouth but no anus
Example: Hydra oligactis
platyhelminthes
bilaterally symmetrical
flat unsegmented bodies
Example: Liver fluke Fasciola hepatica
annelida
bristles often present
segmented
mouth and anus
Example: Earthworm Lumbricus terrestris
mollusca
muscular foot
shell may be present
Example: Banded snail cepaea nemoralis
arthropoda
bilaterally symmetric
exoskeleton
Segmented and jointed appendages
Example: Edible crab Cancer pagurus

22. Phylum Porifera
Mermaid’s Glove

23. Phylum cnidaria
Brown Hydra Hydra oligactis

24. Phylum platyhelminthes
Liver fluke Fasciola hepatica

25. Phylum annelida
Earthworm Lumbricus terrestris

26. Phylum mollusca
Banded Snail Cepea nemoralis

27. Phylum arthropoda
Edible crab Cancer pagurus

28. Apply and design a key for a group of up to eight organisms.
TASK: Collect the leaves from eight or more deciduous trees in the school grounds and identify them using a tree identification tree. Taking photographs of the trees on your phone will help. Clicking on the image below will take you to an online key.
Example of a Dichotomous Key: 1. Organism is a plant Go to Q2 Organism is not a plant (animal) Go to Q5 2. Has no 'true' leaves or roots Bryophyta Has leaves and roots Go to Q3 3. Has no seeds (sporangia) Filicinophyta Has seeds Go to Q4 4. Has no flowers Coniferophyta Has flowers Angiospermophyta 5. Asymmetrical body plan Porifera Symmetrical body plan Go to Q6 6. Has radial symmetry Cnidaria Has bilateral symmetry Go to Q7 7. Has no anus Platyhelminthes Has an anus Go to Q8 8. Has a segmented body Go to Q9 Has no visible body segmentation Mollusca 9. Have an exoskeleton Arthropoda Have no exoskeleton Annelida