1. Choctaw People: Indian Policy 1801-1830
Ryan L. Spring, GIS/GPS Specialist
Historic Preservation Department
Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma

2. Topics Choctaw People: Society & Government 1801: Early Indian Policy
1812: Allies of the United States
1817: Removal Policy & Choctaw Education
1820: Doaks’ Stand and Washington City
1830: Chukfi ahihla bok: Chahta ohoyo micha in bvshpo

4. Choctaw Society Matriarchal Society Moieties (iksa)
Society centered around the Women.
Kinship based on the mother’s Moiety & Clan
Boys raised by the mother’s uncle
Revenge Law
Punishment
Kashapa Okla (Divided People)
Kush iksa (Reed Clan)
Law Okla (?)
Lulak Okla (probably Fire People)
Limoklasha/Itimoklasha (There People are There)
Okla Inholahta (Beloved People)
Chufan iksa (Beloved People)
Isketani (Small people)
Chitto (Big people)
Shakchi Okla (Crawfish People)

5. Givers of Life Foundation of the Community Property Owners
Agricultural producers
Domestic
Pottery
Basketry
Cooking
Clothing
Bushnell 1909
Washington and Lee University, Lexington, Virginia 24450

6. Takers of Life Hunters Protected the Community Played Stickball
Interacted with Other Groups
Did the Heaviest Work
Served as Orators & Historians
Bushnell 1909

7. Choctaw Government Choctaw Government Three Districts Village
Okla Falaya Chief Apukshunnubbee
Ahepvt Okla Chief Mushulatubbe
Okla Hannali Chief Pushmataha
Village
Chief
Council
Squirrel Chief
War Chief

10. Topics Choctaw People: Society & Government 1801: Early Indian Policy
1812: Allies of the United States
1817: Removal Policy & Choctaw Education
1820: Doaks’ Stand and Washington City
1830: Chukfi ahihla bok: Chahta ohoyo micha in bvshpo

11. Creation of Indian Policy
1801: Thomas Jefferson Elected President
Cultural Imperialism
American Culture
Assimilation
New York Historic Society 1805

12. Trade, Debts, and Treaties
1801 Treaty of Fort Adams
Natchez Trace
Protect Mississippi
1802 Treaty of Fort Confederation
Protect the Mississippi
1803 Treaty of Hoe Buckintoopa
Defense of Mobile
1805 Treat of Mount Dexter

13. Yakni Awehli (The Taking of Land)
After DeRosier 1970:29

14. Topics Choctaw People: Society & Government 1801: Early Indian Policy
1812: Allies of the United States
1817: Removal Policy & Choctaw Education
1820: Doaks’ Stand and Washington City
1830: Chukfi ahihla bok: Chahta ohoyo micha in bvshpo

15. Changes in Choctaw Society
Pressure from Settlers
Changes in Choctaw Society
Mixed Bloods
Men: Property & Trade
Allies of the United States

16. War of 1812: The First Choctaw War
United States is at war with Great Britain. Tensions peak between Muscogee people and whites.
Summer 1813: Muscogee Chiefs (Red Sticks) hold council with Choctaw Chiefs to decide on the issue of war against the United States. Choctaw Chiefs decline and settle for neutrality.
Fall 1813: War erupts, Red Sticks begin to attack American settlements. Fort Mims is attacked. Choctaw villages attacked.
Choctaw Chiefs meet with the United States. Pushmataha is granted a field commission as Lt. Colonel in the US Army under Andrew Jackson.
Winter 1813: Pushmataha and his warriors join Jackson’s Army. They defeat the Red Sticks at Battle of Holy Ground Pushmataha enlist more warriors for Jackson’s Pensacola Campaign. Choctaw Troops go unpaid.
January 1815: Pushmataha’s warriors under Jugeat help defeat the British at the Battle of New Orleans.

17. 1816: Treaty of Choctaw Trading House
Allies of the United States
1816: Choctaw eagerly ceded a small amount of lands east of the Tombigbee with their new Ally.

18. Yakni Awehli (The Taking of Land)
After DeRosier 1970:29

19. Topics Choctaw People: Society & Government 1801: Early Indian Policy
1812: Allies of the United States
1817: Removal Policy & Choctaw Education
1820: Doaks’ Stand and Washington City
1830: Chukfi ahihla bok: Chahta ohoyo micha in bvshpo

20. Calhoun-Monroe Indian Policy
Cultural Imperialism
Indian Territory
Removal

21. Choctaw Adaptation: Education
Educate the Youth
Missionaries
Schools
Choctaws “Sharp Businessmen”

22. Topics Choctaw People: Society & Government 1801: Early Indian Policy
1812: Allies of the United States
1817: Removal Policy & Choctaw Education
1820: Doaks’ Stand and Washington City
1830: Chukfi ahihla bok: Chahta ohoyo micha in bvshpo

23. Treaty of Doak’s Stand Rumors of Removal Indian Commissioner
Bribery, exaggeration, threat of the settlers, and loss of friendship.
Treaty Signed
Goods & Supplies
Education
No more lands to be ceeded
Lighthorsemen

24. 1825 Treaty of Washington City
Arkansans Protest
Pushmataha & Apukshunnubbee
Treaty Signed
Warriors paid
Continued Friendship

25. Topics Choctaw People: Society & Government 1801: Early Indian Policy
1812: Allies of the United States
1817: Removal Policy & Choctaw Education
1820: Doaks’ Stand and Washington City
1830: Chukfi ahihla bok: Chahta ohoyo micha in bvshpo

26. 1830: Chukfi ahihla bok: Chahta ohoyo micha in bvshpo
Lands Ceded
34,000 sq mi
Sept 22nd
Killihota
Choctaws 59, Killihota 1
Sept 23rd
Rejected
Threats: State would seize lands, US Military would destroy resistance, Choctaws taken by force to the West.
Sept 24th
Greenwood Leflore
Article 14
Sept 25th
Voted down
Okla Falaya: 2/3 voted down
Sept 27th
Threats: cease relations, lands given away to other Tribes, forced into labor and military conscription, state taxes, children destitute, Choctaws would be utterly destroyed
Treaty Signed
17,000 sq mi
Friendship
Removals Scheduled 1831, 1832, 1833
Transportation , Supplies, & Reimbursements
Choctaw Nation would remain Autonomous
Protection by the United States
Choctaw who fought in Revolution and Northwest Indian War receive annuity.

27. Yakni Awehli (The Taking of Land)
After DeRosier 1970:29

28. Recommended Books The Removal of the Choctaw Indians Indian Removal
DeRosier
Indian Removal
Grant Foreman
Choctaws and Missionaries in Mississippi,
Clara Sue Kidwell