1. Washington on the World Stage Foreign Policy in the Second Term

2. Washington’s re-election, 1792 Unanimously re-elected in 1792 Foreign issues would dominate Washington’s attention between 1793 and 1797 Four foreign entities demanded attention: France, Great Britain, Spain, and native Americans.

3. The French had revolted in 1789. By 1793 they had overthrown the king and were at war with England. The French called upon America for assistance, because of the alliance that helped win American independence.

5. Whom to support in the war? We should support England, because it is our largest trading partner! Alexander Hamilton We should support France in its struggle for liberty! Thomas Jefferson Uh…fellas? Behold my Proclamation of Neutrality, which will keep us out of the war! George Washington

6. Whom to support in the war? Heh heh heh! Get lost, loser! Alexander Hamilton Whatevs…ciao, baby! I’m going to resign my Cabinet post. Thomas Jefferson America is too young to get involved in European wars. George Washington

7. “Whereas it appears that a state of war exists between Austria, Prussia, Sardinia, Great Britain, and the United Netherlands, of the one part, and France on the other; and the duty and interest of the United States require, that they should with sincerity and good faith adopt and pursue a conduct friendly and impartial toward the belligerant Powers; I have therefore thought fit by these presents to declare the disposition of the United States to observe the conduct aforesaid towards those Powers respectfully; and to exhort and warn the citizens of the United States carefully to avoid all acts and proceedings whatsoever, which may in any manner tend to contravene such disposition.” Washington’s proclamation of neutrality, 1793 America was neutral in European affairs until 1898!!

8. Britain British have forts in American territory in the Northwest The British trade fur with Native Americans and make money The British encourage Native Americans to resist American expansion west – supplied guns!! The British attack American ships on the ocean.

9. Jay’s Treaty Britain signed a treaty with US Chief Justice John Jay on November 19, 1794. Jay’s Treaty gave control of the Northwest Territory to the US, but it allowed British fur traders to continue to operate south of the Canadian border (basically on Indian land).

10. Native Americans continued to claim lands in the Northwest territory and, encouraged by the British, harassed American settlers The federal troops are sent to gain control over the area. Chief Little Turtle defeated the American forces in tow battles (1790-1791). The US then sends an army. In the Battle of Fallen Timbers – The Miami Confederacy (Native Americans) were defeated in 40 minutes by US forces on August 20, 1794

12. Opening the Northwest to Settlement The Treaty of Grenville signed, ceded Ohio to the United States The northwest territory is now open for settlement.

13. Spain and the Mississippi Spain and the US had conflicting claims in the Southwest (modern Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi) The United States wanted access to the Mississippi river, to connect the Northwest to the ocean through the Gulf of Mexico

14. The US signs Pinckney’s Treaty (Treaty of San Lorenzo) which gave all land east of the Mississippi (except Florida) to the United States. US citizens were given permission to use the Mississippi River and the port of New Orleans.

15. Pinckney’s TreatyJay’s Treaty American who negotiated the treaty Thomas Pinckney John Jay Country the treaty was made with SpainGreat Britain Terms of the treaty 1. Gave all land east of Miss. To US 2. Access to New Orleans 1.Opened NW Territory 2.Some British still on Canadian border American’s Reaction to the Treaty Happy Ambivalent Mixed feelings 

16. Washington retires In 1796, Washington decided not to stand for a third term. Why? Remember, there are no term limits!! Did not want to die in office (what precedent might that set?) Wanted to return to his private life Farewell Address, 1796, contained warnings for the future

17. “The unity of government...is a main pillar in the edifice of your real independence...of your tranquility at home, your peace abroad; of your safety; of your prosperity; of that very liberty which you so highly prize.” Only a strong, unified government can maintain peace, prosperity, and liberty.

18. “The alternate domination of one faction over another, sharpened by the spirit of revenge, natural to party dissension… gradually incline the minds of men to seek security and repose in the absolute power of an individual…” Political parties can lead to tyranny.

19. “Where is the security for property, for reputation, for life, if the sense of religious obligation desert the oaths, which are instruments of investigation in the Courts of Justice?” Keeping one’s word and being moral are important.

20. "...cherish public credit. One method of preserving it is to use it as sparingly as possible...avoiding likewise the accumulation of debt....it is essential that you...bear in mind, that towards the payments of debts there must be Revenue, that to have Revenue there must be taxes; that no taxes can be devised, which are not...inconvenient and unpleasant...“ What economic policy does he advocate?

21. It is our true policy to steer clear of permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign world...“ The United States will be neutral in foreign affairs, and follow its own interests.

22. "...avoid the necessity of those overgrown military establishments, which, under any form of government, are inauspicious to liberty, and which are to be regarded as particularly hostile to Republican Liberty.“ A large and powerful military can destroy liberty if we’re not careful.

23. “Promote, the, as an object of general importance, institutions for the general diffusion of knowledge. In proportion as the structure of government gives force to public opinion, it is essential that public opinion should be enlightened.” We should promote education, so that the people making decisions are smart people.

24. “The basis of our political system is the right of the people to make and alter their constitutions of government. But the Constitution which at any time exists, till changed by an explicit an authentic act of the whole people, is sacredly obligatory upon all.” You can change the Constitution if you don’t like it, but until you do, we all have to follow it.

25. Election of 1796 Federalist John Adamsvs.Democratic – Republican Thomas Jefferson