1. Chapter Focus Questions What caused the immigration of the 1840s and 1850s, and what were responses to it? Why were cities so unable to cope with rapid urbanization? What motivated reform movements? What were the origins and political effects of the abolitionist movement? How were women involved in reform efforts? 1© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

2. American Communities: Women Reformers of Seneca Falls Respond to Market Revolution 2© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

3. Elizabeth Cady Stanton,Lucretia Mott and Susan B. Anthony A side effect of the abolition movement was the beginning of the women’s rights movement. Right to vote is a cornerstone of the movement. Led by Susan B. Anthony for a better part of the 2 nd half of 19 th century, it is a constant struggle until the 19 th Amendment is passed in 1920. Seneca Falls is crucial in the beginning of this movement.

4. American Communities: Women Reformers of Seneca Falls Respond to the Market Revolution In 1848, almost 300 reformers gathered for the Seneca Falls women’s rights convention. The participants passed resolutions calling for a wide range of rights for women, including the right to vote. Women’s rights was just one of many reform movements of the time that emerged to respond to societal issues raised by the dislocations of the market revolution. 4© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

5. Immigration and the City 5© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

6. The Growth of Cities The market revolution dramatically increased the size of the cities. “Instant” cities sprung up around critical points in the transportation network. 6© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

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8. Patterns of Immigration Immigration was a key part of urban growth. Beginning in 1830 immigration soared, particularly in the North. Immigrants came largely from Ireland and Germany. 8© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

9. MAP 13.1 Distribution of Foreign-Born Residents of United States in 1860 The ethnic composition of the American population was increased by Irish and German immigration in the 1840s and 1850s, Chinese attraction to the California gold rush, Mormon recruitment of Scottish and English followers to Utah, and the reclassification of Mexicans after the Mexican-American War as foreigners in what had been their own lands. 9 © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

10. Irish Immigration First major immigrant wave to test American cities Reason for immigration: Potato Famine of 1845-49 Lacking money to go inland to farm, most lived in cities under horrible conditions. Largest number of Irish came to New York, but Boston, being smaller in size and more homogenous, was overwhelmed by the influx. 10© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

11. German Immigration Initial migration started by invitation of William Penn in the late 18 th century who was impressed by German industriousness 19 th century began later than Irish, but by 1854 had surpassed them Reasons for migration: potato blight in mid 1840s and dislodging effects of market forces German settlement was relatively dispersed, settling in most regions except northeastern cities and the South 11© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

12. Wright’s Grove, shown here in an 1868 illustration, was the popular picnic grounds and beer garden for the large German community on Chicago’s North Side. Establishments such as this horrified American temperance advocates, who warned about the dangerous foreign notion of mixing alcohol with family fun. 12© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

13. Chinese Immigration Many Chinese migrated to California in the early 19 th century to reap benefits of Gold Rush. By the mid 1860s Chinese workers made up 90 percent of laborers building the Central Pacific Railroad. The Chinese tended to settle in ethnic enclaves in many of America’s cities. 13© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

14. Ethnic Neighborhoods Irish and German immigrants created ethnic enclaves to maintain cultural tradition and institutions. (Big cities have “sections”) Ethnic clustering allowed immigrants to hold onto aspects of their culture but still transplant to American soil. 14© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

15. Urban Problems 15© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

16. New Living Patterns in the Cities The growth of immigration changed urban life by sharply contrasting social differences. The gap between rich and poor grew rapidly. Economic class was reflected by residence as: – poor people (nearly 70 percent of the city) lived in cheap rented housing – middle-class residents (25-30 percent) lived in more comfortable homes – very rich (about 3 percent) built mansions and large town houses 16© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

17. The Five Points neighborhood in lower Manhattan illustrates the segregated housing patterns that emerged as New York City experienced rapid growth. Immigrants, free African Americans, the poor, and criminals were crowded together in New York’s most notorious slum, while wealthier people moved to more prosperous neighborhoods. 17© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

18. Ethnicity and Whiteness in Urban Popular Culture Immigrants greatly contributed to urban popular culture. Taverns and theaters were both part of the working class amusements. The working-class especially flourished at the Bowery, a street dedicated to working class life and amusement. Bowery 18© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

19. This cartoon encounter between a newly arrived Irishman and an African American expresses the fear of many immigrants that they would be treated like blacks and denied the privileges of whiteness. 19© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

20. By 1855, half the voters in New York City were foreign-born. This 1858 engraving of an Irish bar in the Five Points area appeared in the influential Harper’s Weekly. It expressed the temperance reformers’ dislike of immigrants and their drinking habits and the dismay of political reformers that immigrant saloons and taverns were such effective organizing centers for urban political machines. 20© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

21. 21 Seeing History Thomas “Daddy” Rice, Blackface Minstrel, Dances Jim Crow. https://www.youtube.com/watch? v=8ciHJvs9wPk

22. The Labor Movement and Urban Politics Worker associations became increasingly angry regarding their declining social and economic status. - What does this mean? Workers’ associations became increasingly class-conscious turning to fellow laborers for support. Initially, urban worker protest against change focused on party politics, including the short-lived Workingmen’s Party. Both major parties tried to woo the votes of organized workers. 22© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

23. FIGURE 13.1 Participation of Irish and German Immigrants in the New York City Workforce for Selected Occupations,1855 SOURCE: Robert Ernst, Immigrant Life in New York City 1825 –1863 (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press,1994). 23© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

24. The Labor Movement and Urban Politics Workers organized trade unions and formed city-wide “General Trades Unions.” formed in 1833 by delegates from nine craft trades The local groups then organized the National Trades Union. The trade union movement was met with hostility (why?)and most collapsed during the Panic of 1837(remember AJ and the Species Circular?). Will turn to Machines! Early unions included only skilled white workers. 24© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

25. Civic Order Americans grew concerned that the cities would become centers of disorder. Prosperous classes were frightened by the urban poor and by working-class rowdy-ism. Cities began to hire more city watchmen and to create police forces to keep order. Urban riots did break out, frequently against Catholics and African Americans. 25© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

26. Urban Life of Free African Americans More than half of the nation’s free African Americans lived in the North, mainly in cities, where they encountered: – residential segregation – job discrimination – segregated public schools – limits on their civil rights Free African Americans formed community support networks, newspapers, and churches. The economic prospects of African-American men deteriorated. Free African Americans engaged in antislavery activities, but were frequent targets of urban violence. 26© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

27. This appealing portrait of a musician, The Bone Player, evokes the prevalent stereotype of African Americans as innately musical, but it also clearly portrays a man who is proud of his talent. SOURCE: William Sidney Morris (American, 1807- 1868), “The Bone Player,” 1856. Oil on canvas, 91.76 x 73.98 cm (36 1/8 x 29 1/8 in.). Courtesy, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Bequest of Martha C. Karolik for the M. and M. Karolik Collection of American Paintings. 48.46 Reproduced with permission. Photograph © 2006 Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. All Rights Reserved. 27© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

28. Social Reform Movements 28© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

29. Religion, Reform and Social Control Middle-class Americans responded to the dislocations of the market revolution by promoting various reform campaigns. Evangelical religion drove the reform spirit forward. Reformers recognized that: – traditional small-scale methods of reform no longer worked – the need was for larger-scale institutions The doctrine of perfectionism combined with a basic belief in the goodness of people and moralistic dogmatism characterized reform. Regional and national reform organizations emerged from local projects to deal with various social problems. Reformers mixed political and social activities and tended to seek to use the power of the state to promote their ends. 29© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

30. Reform Movements One clear example of the reform spirit was that of attention to the mentally ill, deaf and blind. Led by Dorthea Dix, a schoolteacher from Massachusetts Saw the horrors of asylum living after volunteering to help. She begins a lifelong commitment towards creating better conditions and laws to assist those with disabilities. She sent a document to the United States Congress asking that five million acres be set aside and to be used for the care of the mentally ill. Very radical for the time.

31. © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.31 Begun in 1822, the castle-like Eastern State Penitentiary in Philadelphia was intended as a model of rational prison reform. Replacing crowded mass imprisonment of the past, prisoners were held in isolation from other inmates in separate cells. But instead of the expected repentance and reform, isolation bred despair and attempts at suicide. SOURCE: The Library Company of Philadelphia.

32. Education and Women Teachers Educational reformers changed the traditional ways of educating children by: – no longer viewing children as sinners whose wills had to be broken – seeing children as innocents who needed gentle nurturing. The work of Horace Mann and others led to tax- supported compulsory public schools.Horace Mann Women were seen as more nurturing and were encouraged to become teachers, creating the first real career opportunity for women. 32© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

33. Reform: Temperance Mov’t A.Reformers in the antebellum period revived many of the old Puritan values. 1.The reformers envisioned an America free of cruelty, war, drink, discrimination and eventually slavery. B. DEMON RUM- alcohol interfered with work efficiency and family life. It also threatened welfare of women and children. 1.The Temperance Society was formed in Boston in 1826. Creates thousands of smaller groups. Came about due to the fact that the typical American male consumed more than 7 gallons of alcohol (hard liquor) per year. 2.Increased Irish and German immigration add to the problems. 3.Common for men to drink at lunch and work breaks. Political events too. Overall, Temperance was highly debated! Some were for moderation, and others for total abstinence. This will play out further in early 20 th century.

34. FIGURE 13.2 Per Capita Consumption of Alcohol,1800–60 The underlying cause of the dramatic fall in alcohol consumption during the 1830s was the changing nature of work brought about by the market revolution. Contributing factors were the shock of the Panic of 1837 and the untiring efforts of temperance reformers. SOURCE: W.J.Rorabaugh, The Alcoholic Republic: An American Tradition (New York: Oxford University Press,1979). 34© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

35. Denominational Diversity Millerites (Adventists) No, No!! Not THIS Guy!!!This Guy… William Miller

36. Millerites/ 7 th Day Adventists 1.Began a prophetic movement in the mid 19 th century 2.“Figured” out the exact date of Jesus return for His people. 3.Gains many followers. Many give away their possessions. 4. Keeps predicting and missing. Discredited. *An offshoot sect, the 7 th Day Adventists grows out of the “Millerite” movement. It will give up predicting dates, and focus on the expectation of the 2 nd Coming of Jesus. ** The Adventists consider themselves a branch of Protestant Christianity. Some practices include observance of Saturday Sabbath, health and dietary restrictions such as not condoning pork etc. Alcohol and tobacco use is strictly prohibited.

37. Denominational Diversity Mormons (LDS) Joseph Smith: Founds Mormon Church in upstate NY in the 1830’S. Finds Golden Tablets, and translates them. He says they reveal the history of lost tribes of Israel which migrated to North America. Various beliefs at this time included polygamy. He and followers begin to migrate west to escape social chaos and religious turmoil. Is not recognized by many in the Protestant tradition. Brigham Young: Takes over leadership of Mormon faithful after Smith’s murder in Illinois. Leads people to Utah. Settle in Salt Lake Basin. Is leader of the LDS for 30 years (1847-77). Oversees growth of the Church. Controversial in many teachings.

39. Regional Splits 1. Churches 2. Parties 3. States “Opponents” to religion: A.J. opposes Henry Clay’s initiative on a National Day of Prayer. Hey… Does this really surprise anyone? Lincoln story: Carl Sandburg recounts in Abraham Lincoln: The Prairie Years, Lincoln attended one of Cartwright’s revival meetings. At the conclusion of the service, the fiery pulpiteer called for all who intended to go to heaven to rise. Naturally, the response was heartening. Then he called for all those who wished to go to hell to stand, unsurprisingly there were not many takers. Lincoln had responded to neither option. Cartwright closed in. “Mr. Lincoln, you have not expressed an interest in going to either heaven or hell. May I enquire as to where you do plan to go?” Lincoln replied: “I did not come here with the idea of being singled out, but since you ask, I will reply with equal candor. I intend to go to Congress.”

40. Religion and Reform: again… The goal of many Utopian societies such as Robert Owen’s New Harmony community,John Humphrey Noyes Oneida experiment, or the Shaker Movement was to create a mini society in which traditonal values were kept and alternatives were developed to the outside industial world. Ultimately, as Emerson would say of these movements; It met every test, but life itself. Individualism seemed to get in the way of the overall good of community.

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