1. Catholic Reformation

2. What should we call it? Which term best describes this movement by the church: Catholic or Counter Reformation? What’s the difference between the two?

3. Facets of Reformation Council of Trent New Religious Orders Papal Reform

4. Council of Trent 1545-1547; 1551-1552; 1562-1563 Paul III; Julius III; Pius IV Lutheran split 1530; Anglican split 1534 Respond to Reformers, clarify doctrine, strengthen church from within, enhance uniformity and appeal Anathema sit … Let him be condemned!

5. Council of Trent – Response to reformers Sola Scriptura Scripture AND Tradition Church alone can interpret scripture Latin Vulgate is the ideal translation (4 th century) Masses to be performed in Latin “And for anyone who says scripture and tradition are not equal, let him be anathema.”

6. Council of Trent - Justification/Salvation Salvation Through Grace By Faith Without grace, we are doomed … BUT … we must cooperate with grace Grace is only the beginning Devotions and good works affirmed, but abuses (like selling indulgences) stopped Faith AND works Seven sacraments

7. Council of Trent - Priesthood of All Believers Hierarchy still stands The “character” of orders is indelible (permanent, unchangeable, inerasable) However … the clergy needs reform Seminary in every diocese Bishops must live in diocese Priests and bishops must preach Priestly celibacy

8. Council of Trent - Other Results Publications Catechism – book outlining principles of the religion Breviary – booklet of daily prayers and readings for clerics Missal – booklet of text for mass Index of Forbidden Books New religious orders; reform within others Bulk of the changes/teachings/publications hold solid until 1960s, with Vatican II

9. Council of Trent Established Purgatory, indulgences*, and other practices maintained Abuses reformed and standards tightened No erosion of papal power no concessions in matters of doctrine *SALE of indulgences forbidden!

10. Society of Jesus (Jesuits) Ignatius of Loyola (1491-1556) Injured as soldier  Soldier for Christ Military background  chain of command Fourth Vow– absolute personal obedience to Pope “The Spiritual Exercises” Intellectuals, theologians, missionaries Task for “soldiers”: Combat Protestantism

11. Index of Prohibited Works  Council of Trent established Index Expurgatorius  Books prohibited by the Catholic Church; meant to prevent heretical influence  Some authors/works in the Index include: Dante AlighieriFrancis Bacon John MiltonDescartes John CalvinVictor Hugo Galileo Galilei Alexandre Dumas Niccolo Machiavelli

12. Courts (Inquisitions) Both Catholics and Protestants established courts Meant to suppress dissent Papal Inquisition established in 1542 in Rome Approved the use of torture to obtain confesssions

13. Despite all these reforms, popular sovereignty remained the driving force enforcing religious beliefs. Catholics remained the majority, and all major nations of Western Europe were officially Catholic in 1560. However, religious division throughout Europe would remain permanent.