1. Nursing theories Part 2
Dr Aidah Alkaissi

2. Goal Attainment Theory
Imogene King
Goal Attainment Theory

3. Imogene King
Described nursing as “a helping profession that assists individuals and groups in society to attain تحقيق, maintain, and restore health”
If this is not possible, nurses help individuals die with dignity.

4. Imogene King
Viewed nursing as an interaction process between client and nurse
During this process of perceiving, setting goals and acting on them, transitions occur and goals are achieved.

5. Health Care System Model
Betty Neuman
Health Care System Model

6. Betty Neuman
Nursing: a unique profession in that it is concerned with all the variables affecting an individual’s response to stresses in nature
Stresses:
Intrapersonal (within the individual)
Interpersonal (between one or more other people)
Extrapersonal (outside the individual)

7. Betty Neuman 3 Major Concerns of Nursing
Prevent stress invasion
Protect the client’s basic structure
Obtain a maximum level of wellness
The nurse helps the client through primary, secondary and tertiary prevention modes, to adjust to environmental stressors and maintain client stability

8. Behavioral System Model
Dorothy Johnson
Behavioral System Model

9. Dorothy Johnson
Johnson: Each person as a behavioral system is composed of seven subsystems, namely:
Ingestive ابتلاعي
Eliminative مزيل
Affiliative الانتماء
Aggressive
Dependence
Achievement
Sexual and role identity behavior

10. Dorothy Johnson
Each person tries to achieve balance and stability to function effectively
He does this by adjusting and adapting to environmental forces through learned patterns of response

11. The Interpersonal Model
Hildegard Peplau
The Interpersonal Model

12. Hildegard Peplau
Defined nursing as an interpersonal process of therapeutic interactions between
an individual who is sick or in need of health services; and
a nurse especially educated to recognize and respond to the need for help

13. Hildegard Peplau
Identified four phases of nurse-client relationship, namely:
1. Orientation.
The nurse and the client initially do not know each other’s goals
Testing the roles each will assume
The client attempts to identify the difficulties and the amount of nursing help needed

14. Hildegard Peplau
2. Identification. The client responds to the professionals or the significant others who can meet the identified needs Both client and nurse plan together an appropriate program to foster health

15. Hildegard Peplau
3. Exploitation. استثمار The client utilizes all available resources to move toward a goal of maximum health or functionality

16. Hildegard Peplau
4. Resolution. تصميم Refers to the termination phase of the nurse-client relationship Occurs when the client’s needs are met and he/she can move toward a new goal. Growth is fostered in both the client and the nurse

17. The Four Phases of Nurse-Client Relationship
ORIENTATION

18. The Four Phases of Nurse-Client Relationship
IDENTIFICATION

19. The Four Phases of Nurse-Client Relationship
EXPLOITATION

20. The Four Phases of Nurse-Client Relationship
RESOLUTION

21. Patient-centered Approaches to Nursing Model
Faye Abdellah
Patient-centered Approaches to Nursing Model

22. Faye Abdellah
Her theory emphasizes delivering nursing care for the whole person to meet the physical, emotional, intellectual, social and spiritual needs of the client and family.

23. Faye Abdellah
The nurse needs knowledge and skills in interpersonal relations, psychology, growth and development, communication, and sociology, as well as a knowledge of the basic sciences and specific nursing skills

24. Faye Abdellah
In this approach, the nurse is a problem-solver and decision maker.

25. Faye Abdellah
The nurse formulates an individualized view of the client’s needs, which may occur in the following areas
Comfort, hygiene and safety
Physiological balance
Psychological and social factors
Sociological and community factors

26. Care, Core and Cure Model
Lydia Hall
Care, Core and Cure Model

27. Lydia Hall According to her, nursing centers around three components:
CARE
CORE
CURE

28. CARE
Represents nurturance and is exclusive to nursing
Carebears 

29. CORE
Involves the therapeutic use of self and emphasizes the use of reflection
Reflection 

30. CURE
Focuses on nursing-related to the physician’s orders

31. Madeline Leininger

32. Leininger Trans-cultural nursing`: concepts, theories, and practices
Caring behaviours as identified by Leininger
Encompasses comfort, facilitating, health instruction, protective and restorative behaviours and support

33. Summary of Nursing Theories
Theorist
Goals of Nursing/Key Emphasis
Nightingale
To facilitate “the body’s reparative processes” by manipulating the client’s environment
Henderson
To work independently with other health care workers, assisting client in gaining independence as quickly as possible
Nurses help client to perform 14 fundamental needs
Rogers
To maintain and promote health, prevent illness, and care for and rehabilitate ill and disabled client through “humanistic science of nursing”
“Unitary man” continuously changes and coexists with environment
Roy
To identify types of demands placed on client, assess adaptation to demands, and help client adapt
Orem
To care for and help client attain total self-care
Self-care deficit theory: nursing care becomes necessary when client is unable to fulfill biological, psychological, development or social needs
King
Nursing process is defined as dynamic interpersonal process between nurse, client, and health care system
Neuman
Stress reduction is goal of systems model of nursing practice. Nursing actions are in primary, secondary or tertiary level of prevention
Johnson
Subsystems exist in dynamic stability
Peplau
To develop interaction between nurse and client
Nursing is a significant therapeutic four-phase interpersonal process
Abdellah
To provide service to individuals, families and society; to be kind and caring but also intelligent, competent and technically well-prepared to provide this service
Hall
Nursing centers around three components
Nursing care is person directed toward self-love