1. Living Resources Chapter 24

2. VA SOL LS.1The student will plan and conduct investigations in which b) variables are defined; c) metric units (SI—International System of Units) are used; g) variables are controlled to test hypotheses, and trials are repeated; LS.9The student will investigate and understand interactions among populations in a biological community. Key concepts include c) competition and cooperation; and e) niches. LS.11The student will investigate and understand that ecosystems, communities, populations, and organisms are dynamic and change over time (daily, seasonal, and long term). Key concepts include b) factors that increase or decrease population size; and c) eutrophication, climate changes, and catastrophic disturbances. LS.12The student will investigate and understand the relationships between ecosystem dynamics and human activity. Key concepts include b) change in habitat size, quality, or structure; d) population disturbances and factors that threaten or enhance species survival; and e) environmental issues (water supply, air quality, energy production, and waste management). LS.14The student will investigate and understand that organisms change over time. Key concepts include c) how environmental influences, as well as genetic variation, can lead to diversity of organisms.

3. Environmental Issues After completing the lesson, students will be able to: 1. Identify the main types of environmental issues; 2. Define environmental science.

4. Environmental Issues The three main types of environmental issues are: 1. ______________________________ 2. ______________________________ 3. ______________________________

5. Environmental Issues The three main types of environmental issues are: 1. Resource Use 2. Population Growth 3. Pollution

6. Resource Use Any living or nonliving thing in the environment that is used by people is used by people is a _____________________ __________________. Some natural resources, called _________________ ___________________, are naturally replaced in a relatively short time. (Ex. sun, __________, wind) Natural resources that are not replaced as they are used are called ______________ _____________. Most ___________________ resources exist in limited supply and the supply may eventually be depleted. (Ex. oil and __________________)

7. Resource Use Any living or nonliving thing in the environment that is used by people is used by people is a natural resource. Some natural resources, called renewable resources, are naturally replaced in a relatively short time. (Ex. sun, trees, wind) Natural resources that are not replaced as they are used are called nonrenewable resources. Most nonrenewable resources exist in limited supply and the supply may eventually be depleted. (Ex. oil and coal)

8. Population Growth Look at the graph - you can see the population grew very slowly until about A.D. 1650. Around that time, improvements in _______, ________________, and ________________ enabled people to live longer. The death rate _________________. But as the population continued to grow, the demand for resources has also grown.

9. Population Growth Look at the graph - you can see the population grew very slowly until about A.D. 1650. Around that time, improvements in medicine, agriculture, and sanitation enabled people to live longer. The death rate decreased. But as the population continued to grow, the demand for resources has also grown.

10. Pollution

11. Any change to the environment that has a _________________ effect on living things is called _______________. ________________ is an issue because it is often the result of an activity that ____________________ humans. For example, generating electricity by burning coal can result in air pollution. Some pesticides used to kill insects that eat crops are harmful to other animals.

12. Pollution Any change to the environment that has a negative effect on living things is called pollution. Pollution is an issue because it is often the result of an activity that benefits humans. For example, generating electricity by burning coal can result in air pollution. Some pesticides used to kill insects that eat crops are harmful to other animals.

13. Book Work Book Work Book Work Book Work Book Work Turn to pages 758 and 759 in your text book and answer the following questions: 1. In __________, Rachel Carson wrote _____________________________________. 2. President_____________________________ established the first National Wildlife Refuge. 3. What year did journalist Marjory Stoneman Douglas found Friends of the Everglades? 4. True/False Wangari Maathai founded the Green Belt Movement before Aldo Leopold published A Sand Country Almanac.

14. Book Work Book Work Book Work Book Work Book Work Turn to pages 758 and 759 in your text book and answer the following questions: 1. In 1962, Rachel Carson wrote Silent Spring. 2. President Theodore Roosevelt established the first National Wildlife Refuge. 3. What year did journalist Marjory Stoneman Douglas found Friends of the Everglades? 1969 4. False Wangari Maathai founded the Green Belt Movement before Aldo Leopold published A Sand Country Almanac.

15. Environmental Science Environmental science is the study of ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ Is there anything that KIDS can do to help the environment??

16. Environmental Science Environmental science is the study of the natural processes that occur in the environment and how humans can affect them. Is there anything that KIDS can do to help the environment??

18. Forests and Fisheries After completing the lesson, students will be able to: 1. Describe different ways that forests and fisheries can be managed to provde resources.

19. Forest Resources Because new trees can be planted to replace trees that are cut down, forests can be ________________ ___________________. ______________________________ is the process of cutting down all the trees in an area at once. ________________ ____________________ is when only some of the trees in the forest are cut down, leaving a mix of tree sizes and species.

20. Forest Resources Because new trees can be planted to replace trees that are cut down, forests can be renewable resources. Clear-cutting is the process of cutting down all the trees in an area at once. Selective cutting is when only some of the trees in the forest are cut down, leaving a mix of tree sizes and species.

22. Sustainable Forestry Forests can be managed to provide a _________________ _______________. A __________________ _____________ is a regular amount of a renewable resource such as trees that can be harvested _________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________

23. Sustainable Forestry Forests can be managed to provide a sustainable yield. A sustainable yield is a regular amount of a renewable resource such as trees that can be harvested without reducing the future supply.

24. Fisheries An area with a large population of valuable ocean organisms is called a ______________________. Managing fisheries for a sustainable yield includes setting fishing ______________, changing fishing _____________________________, developing __________________________ techniques, and finding _____________ resources.

25. Fisheries An area with a large population of valuable ocean organisms is called a fishery. Managing fisheries for a sustainable yield includes setting fishing limits, changing fishing methods, developing aquaculture techniques, and finding new resources.

26. What is it????? ______________________________ is the practice of raising fish and other water-dwelling organisms for food.

27. What is it????? Aquaculture is the practice of raising fish and other water-dwelling organisms for food.

28. Biodiversity After completing the lesson, students will be able to: 1. Identify the factors that affect biodiversity; 2. Explain the value of biodiversity; 3. Name some human activities that threaten biodiversity; 4. List some ways that biodiversity can be protected.

29. Biodiversity The number of different species in an area is called its __________________________. Factors that affect biodiversity in an ecosystem include ____________________, ________________________________, and ____________________ _________ ___________________.

30. Biodiversity The number of different species in an area is called its biodiversity. Factors that affect biodiversity in an ecosystem include area, climate, and diversity of niches.

31. Area Within an ecosystem, a ______________ area will contain more species than a ______________ area. For example, you would find far more tree species in a 10-square-meter area than in a 1-square- meter area.

32. Area Within an ecosystem, a large area will contain more species than a small area. For example, you would find far more tree species in a 10-square- meter area than in a 1-square-meter area.

33. Climate In general, the number of species increases from the _______________ toward the ____________. The _________________ _________________ of Latin America, southeast Asia, and central Africa are the most __________________ ecosystems in the world. Many scientists __________________ that it has to do with the __________________. ________________ __________________ have fairly constant temperatures and large amounts of rainfall.

34. Climate In general, the number of species increases from the poles toward the equator. The tropical rainforests of Latin America, southeast Asia, and central Africa are the most diverse ecosystems in the world. Many scientists hypothesize that it has to do with the climate. Tropical rainforests have fairly constant temperatures and large amounts of rainfall.

35. Niche Diversity Coral reefs make up less than __________ % of the oceans’ area. But reefs are home to ________ % of the world’s saltwater fish species. Coral reefs are the second most _______________________ ecosystems in the world. Found only in shallow, warm waters, coral reefs are often called the _____________ __________________ of the sea. A reef ___________________ many different niches for organisms that live under, ____________, and among the coral. This allows more species to live in the reef than in a more ___________________ habitat such as a flat sandbar.

36. Niche Diversity Coral reefs make up less than 1 % of the oceans’ area. But reefs are home to 20 % of the world’s saltwater fish species. Coral reefs are the second most diverse ecosystems in the world. Found only in shallow, warm waters, coral reefs are often called the rain forests of the sea. A reef supports many different niches for organisms that live under, on, and among the coral. This allows more species to live in the reef than in a more uniform habitat such as a flat sandbar.

37. The Value of Biodiversity The simplest value is that wild organisms and ecosystems are a source of _________________ and _________________________. __________________ ___________________ – Many plants, animals, and other organisms are essential for human survival. Ecosystems are economically valuable. Many companies now run wildlife tours. ________________ ______ __________________ – All the species in an ecosystem are connected to one another. Species may depend on one another for food and shelter. A change that affects one species will surely affect all the others. A species that influences the survival of many other species in an ecosystem is called a ________ _______.

38. The Value of Biodiversity The simplest value is that wild organisms and ecosystems are a source of beauty and recreation. Economic Values – Many plants, animals, and other organisms are essential for human survival. Ecosystems are economically valuable. Many companies now run wildlife tours. Values to the Ecosystem – All the species in an ecosystem are connected to one another. Species may depend on one another for food and shelter. A change that affects one species will surely affect all the others. A species that influences the survival of many other species in an ecosystem is called a keystone species.

39. Gene Pool Diversity Just as diversity of _______________ is important to an ecosystem, diversity of ________________ is important within the species. Species that lack a ________________ ____________ ____________ are less able to adapt to disease and parasites.

40. Gene Pool Diversity Just as diversity of species is important to an ecosystem, diversity of genes is important within the species. Species that lack a diverse gene pool are less able to adapt to disease and parasites.

41. Extinction of Species The _______________ of all members of a species from Earth is called extinction. Extinction is a ____________________ process. Many species that once lived on Earth are now extinct. In the last few centuries, the number of species becoming extinct has _________________ dramatically. A _________________ event, such as an earthquake or volcano, can damage an ecosystem, wiping out populations or even some species. _______________________ activities can also threaten biodiversity. These activities include habitat destruction, _____________, pollution, and the introduction of exotic species. (Exotic species is a non-native species)

42. Extinction of Species The disappearance of all members of a species from Earth is called extinction. Extinction is a natural process. Many species that once lived on Earth are now extinct. In the last few centuries, the number of species becoming extinct has increased dramatically. A natural event, such as an earthquake or volcano, can damage an ecosystem, wiping out populations or even some species. Human activities can also threaten biodiversity. These activities include habitat destruction, poaching, pollution, and the introduction of exotic species. (Exotic species is a non-native species)

44. Protecting Biodiversity Many programs to protect biodiversity combine ___________ and _______________ approaches. ______________ ____________________ is the mating of animals in zoos or wildlife preserves. They are cared for and then released in the wild. _________ and _______________ – Laws can help to protect individual species. Treaties are agreements that countries sign to help protect endangered species. ___________ ________________ – The most effective way to preserve biodiversity is to protect whole ecosystems.

45. Protecting Biodiversity Many programs to protect biodiversity combine scientific and legal approaches. Captive Breeding is the mating of animals in zoos or wildlife preserves. They are cared for and then released in the wild. Laws and Treaties – Laws can help to protect individual species. Treaties are agreements that countries sign to help protect endangered species. Habitat Preservation – The most effective way to preserve biodiversity is to protect whole ecosystems.