2.  COMMUNICATION: the process of sharing information by using symbols to send and receive messages  You probably communicate all day when you share thoughts, feelings, and ideas with others  We will primarily study INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION: communication between two or more people

3.  Communication always involves sending AND receiving messages  MESSAGE: the ideas and the feelings that make up the content of communication  SENDER: the person who sends the message  RECEIVER: the person who receives the message  Effective communication must also include FEEDBACK: a return message

5.  VERBAL SYMBOLS: the words  NONVERBAL SYMBOLS: the gestures, facial expressions, and sounds such as laughter, clapping, hissing, and whistling  CHANNELS: the means of sending communication  Verbal: channel is sound waves  Nonverbal: channel can be sound waves, light waves, or the sense of touch

6.  Communication helps you to satisfy your social needs and to make decisions  MEETING SOCIAL NEEDS:  Helps people feel good about themselves and about their world  Helps people build and maintain satisfying relationships  MAKING DECISIONS:  Many daily decisions involve communicating with others  Your communication also influences the decisions of others

7. ACTIVITY: Sending Nonverbal Messages  Work with a partner to determine a situation in which you must communicate nonverbally. For example, imagine that you and your partner work part-time in a convenience store. Unknown to your co-worker, your boss has confided in you that she has grown tired of granting favors to her employees. Just as your boss joins you and your co-worker, your co-worker whispers to you that he plans to ask for the afternoon off. How would you communicate to him that his request is not a good idea? With your partner, make a list of the different ways you could convey the message. Choose the method that seems the most effective. Then present it to other members of the class.

8.  INFORMAL SETTINGS: casual, unstructured situations  Usually spontaneous  Examples:  Talking with family and friends  Introducing people  Giving instructions  Giving and receiving information in class  Asking for directions

9.  FORMAL SETTINGS: situations you can prepare for ahead of time  Allows you to communicate with and influence the ideas and feelings of people in important positions  Takes place far less than informal situations

10.  INTERVIEW: a form of communication in which people ask and answer questions  Usually one-on-one  GROUP DISCUSSION: a face-to-face meeting among a smaller number of people who convey information, express their views, and reach conclusions about particular issues  The more effective the communication, the more informed the decisions are

11.  PUBLIC SPEAKING: when one person addresses an audience to inform, persuade, or entertain them  AUDIENCE: the listeners or spectators attending a presentation or a performance  More difficult than speaking in informal situations or small groups  Many key decisions in society are based on what we learn from, and how we are influenced by, public speakers

12.  DEBATE: a formal communication situation in which speakers take opposing sides on an issue and try to prove or disprove a statement about that issue  PARLIAMENTARY PROCEDURE: a set of rules used to conduct orderly meetings  Precise and convincing communication is essential in both

13.  Interpretive Situations  ORAL READING: a performing art in which literature is read aloud and interpreted for an audience  DRAMA: a performing art in which the characters in a play are interpreted and presented by actors on a stage  To be powerful in both, you need to give clear and effective verbal and nonverbal messages to your audience

14.  ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION: radio, television, and video  Provides opportunities for reaching an audience of thousands or even millions at one time

15.  FIVE INTER-RELATED STEPS:  Find ideas to speak about  Adapt the message to the needs of your audience  Determine how to present your ideas in the most effective way  Interpret audience feedback  Deal with verbal and nonverbal interference  The progression of these steps can vary according to the people involved, the setting, and other circumstances

16. ACTIVITY: ANALYZING NONVERBAL FEEDBACK  Think of three nonverbal messages that you received today. Then draw a cartoon to illustrate each one. Beneath each cartoon, jot down a caption that explains the nonverbal message. For example, you might draw a shopper waving at you as he scurries in front of your car to get to the store. Beneath the drawing, you could write, “A shopper waves to tell me that she appreciates me stopping to let her cross.” When you complete your cartoons, share them with the class.

17.  Consider audience, setting, and time allotted  Ways to find ideas:  Examining your own experience  Looking at the lives of people around you  Watching television shows or movies  Reading newspaper or magazine articles

18.  Involves learning something about the people you address and include:  INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS:  Personality, interests, and aspirations  CULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS:  Age, religion, and national and ethnic background  SOCIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS:  Affiliations, educational backgrounds, occupations

19.  ENCODING: the process of turning ideas and feelings into verbal and nonverbal symbols  Formal Settings:  You take time to plan how you want to state a certain idea  Informal situations:  Encoding is nearly instantaneous  Encoding includes verbal and nonverbal symbols

20.  DECODING: finding the meaning of verbal and nonverbal symbols  In conversation, decoding process is usually instantaneous  In formal and some informal situations, the receiver may need to translate messages into meetings that make sense in their context

21.  INTERPRETING FEEDBACK  The more you know about your audience, the better able you will be able to recognize and interpret the verbal or nonverbal feedback you receive

22.  Dealing with INTERFERENCE: anything that gets in the way of clear communication  Three types of interference:  PHYSICAL NOISE: any sound that prevents a person from being heard  Interferes with the ability to send AND receive messaged  PSYCHOLOGICAL NOISE: the thoughts and feelings that distract people from listening to what is said  Interferes with the audience’s concentration  SEMANTIC NOISE: the interference caused by words that trigger strong negative feelings against the speaker or the content of the speech  Leads to misunderstanding, as well as unpleasant and distracting nonverbal feedback from the audience

23. ACTIVITY: DEALING WITH INTERFERENCE  With three or four classmates, read the following situations and identify the type of interference represented. Decide how you would deal with the interference if you were the speaker. Then, take turns being the speaker and act out the situation. After the performances, discuss whether your attempts to deal with the interference were successful.

24. ACTIVITY: DEALING WITH INTERFERENCE  1. You and a friend are discussing a problem. Three people at the other side of the room begin to talk so loudly that you cannot concentrate on what your friend is saying.  2. You are leading a group discussion. One of your group members is staring out the window, and another is doodling.  3. You are acting in a play. Suddenly a storm strikes, and thunder drowns out your words.  4. You are giving a report in history class, The lights are making a very loud buzzing noise.

25. HOW TO BE AN EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATOR 1. Care about your communication Success 2. Know what you are talking about 3. Be organized 4. Use language well 5. Use effective nonverbal signals 6. Listen carefully

26. VOCABULARY  Communication  Interpersonal Communication  Message  Sender  Receiver  Feedback  Verbal Symbols  Nonverbal Symbols  Channels  Informal Settings  Formal Settings  Interview  Group Discussion  Public Speaking  Audience  Debate  Parliamentary Procedure  Oral Reading  Drama  Electronic Communication  Individual Characteristics  Cultural Characteristics  Sociological Characteristics  Encoding  Decoding  Interference  Physical noise  Psychological Noise  Semantic Noise