1. Valuation of ecosystem services for sustainability planning Valuation course October 2011 Gunilla A. Olsson

2. Disposition Context ESS: MA – CBD – Ecosystem approach TEBB – developed from MA; ESS concept TEBB – short on main ideas Valuation background valuation domaines: – examples: TEEB; Posthumus, [The history of PES] Conclusion

3. Income per capita – global perspective

4. Background at the end of 1980ies: Awareness of ecological crises in the North Shortage of natural and biological resources Awareness of colonial resource exploitation and opresssion of local cultures in the South Awareness of gender issues and its relation to resource exploitation

5. International conventions with holistic aspirations and Global assessments… The Rio conventions, UNCED, CBD1992, UNCC: – Sustainable development: e.g. Ecosystem approach; Landscape ecology grows – IPCC Reports Millennium Ecosystem Assessment: – Ecosystem services TEEB 2010: – Economic valuation of ecosystem services

6. The Ecosystem Approach Ecosystem in focus – not species, not only protected areas The work principles for CBD – the work programs based on EA Re-iterations of reporting based on the results from the work programs The challenges to implement EA on economic production areas

7. UN Convention on Biological Diversity Objectives the conservation of biological diversity, the sustainable use of its components the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources, including by appropriate access to genetic resources and by appropriate transfer of technologies, and by appropriate funding

8. Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Performed globally 2001-2005, published 2005 To assess the consequences of ecosystem change… for human well-being, and to establish the scientific basis for actions needed… to enhance the conservation and sustainable use of ecosystems and their contribution for human well- being Implement MDG -> eradicate poverty…

9. Millennium Ecosystem Assessment What is new of MA? Three features... Human well-being Ecosystem services Economic valuation of Ecosystem services

10. Ecosystem Services… …are the processes by which the environment produces resources that we often take for granted such as clean water, timber, and habitat for fisheries, and pollination of native and agricultural plants… MA.s categories: Provisioning; Supporting; Regulating; Cultural/Spriritual Examples: Regulation of climate Insect pest control Pollination of crops and natural vegetation Seed dispersal Maintenance and provision of genetic resources Maintenance and regeneration of habitat Provision of food, fibres, timber etc Provision of shade and shelter Prevention of soil erosion Maintenance of soil fertility Maintenance of soil health Maintenance of healthy waterways Water filtration Regulation of river flows and groundwater levels Waste absorption and breakdown Fulfillment of people's cultural spiritual and intellectual needs

11. MA – conceptual framework

14. Drivers of Ecosystem Change Direct drivers? Land use and Land cover changes -> Habitat changes Over-exploitation Climate change Pollution Invasive species Indirect drivers? Population change Changes in economic activity Socio-political factors Cultural factors Technological change

15. Nr of papers using ESS or ecological services 78-07 Fisher et al 2009 MA

17. The TEEB approach(TEEB 2010) IDENTIFY and ASSESS ecosystem services affected and the implications for different groups in society ESTIMATE and DEMONSTRATE the value of ecosystem services CAPTURE the value of ecosystem services and seek SOLUTIONS

18. TEEB messages The invisibility of the value og BD has led to degradation and extinction – with the argument that environmetal degradation is the price of economic growth and modern development. ’Pollution as an externality’ Allocating an economic price to ecosystem components is a tool for their conservation PES – Payment for ecosystem services – makes ecosystem services visible PES – helps to illustrate ecosystem consequences of exploitation

19. The degradation of ecosystem services represents loss of a capital asset Loss of wealth due to ecosystem degradation is not reflected in economic accounts: – Ecosystem services, as well as resources such as mineral deposits, soil nutrients, and fossil fuels are capital assets – Traditional national accounts do not include measures of resource depletion or of the degradation of these resources – A country could cut its forests and deplete its fisheries, and this would show only as a positive gain in GDP without registering the corresponding decline in assets (wealth) – A number of countries that appeared to have positive growth in net savings (wealth) in 2001 actually experienced a loss in wealth when degradation of natural resources were factored into the accounts

20. Valuation of biological diversity

21. Exempel TEEB-ekosystem-skogar

22. Economic evaluation of ecosystem services … – The total economic value associated with managing ecosystems more sustainably is often higher than the value associated with conversion – Conversion may still occur because private economic benefits are often greater for the converted system

23. TEEB 2010

25. Economic valuation of Ecosystem services

27. Valuing ecosystem services (de Groot et al 2009) Relevant research questions What are the most appropriate economic and social valuation methods for ecosystem and landscape services, including the role and perceptions of stakeholders? How to make economic and social valuation of landscape and ecosystem services consistent and comparable? What is the influence of scaling-issues on the economic value of ecosystem and landscape services to society? How can standardized indicators (benchmark-values) help to determine the value of ecosystem services and how can aggregation steps be dealt with? How can values (ecological, social and economic) be mapped to facilitate the use of ecosystem services in (spatial) landscape planning and design?

28. de Groot et al 2009

29. Posthumus et al. 2010

31. Indicators to ESS – lowland flood plain Posthumus et al. 2010

33. Posthumus et al 2010

34. Posthumus et al. 2010

35. Posthumus et al 2010

37. Valuation of ESS Can we conclude? Valuation useful but monetary valuation just one method