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Ergogenic Aids for Fitness and Athletics Chapter 16
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Learning Objectives Know the definition of ergogenic aids. Know the conditions under which the use of ergogenic aids is considered acceptable or unacceptable. Have a basic understanding of how ergogenic aids can improve sports and exercise performance. Be able to describe the potential ergogenic and health-related effects of selected ergogenic aids.
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Ergogenic Aids Nutritional or pharmacologic agents that are used to: Enhance exercise and sports performance Increase muscle mass Improve physique Use is generally accepted as long as they: Supplement training (not supplant it) Constitute no hazard to athletes Are not illegal or banned
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Incidence of Use Varies According to... Sport Gender Level of competition
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Function of Ergogenic Aids 1. Improve the capacity of the muscles and/or the oxygen transport and utilization systems to do work. 2. Remove or reduce inhibitory mechanisms to allow the use of previously untapped reserves.
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Frequently Used Ergogenic Aids Amphetamines Caffeine Anabolic steroids Growth hormone Sodium bicarbonate Arginine Beta-alanine Creatine Pyruvate Beta-hydroxy-beta- methylbutyrate (HMB) Phosphate loading Blood doping Erythropoietin Carbohydrate loading
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Amphetamines Mimics the activity of the sympathetic nervous system May improve swimming, running, weight- throwing performance, reaction time, and balance Dangerous side effects Banned by many sport sanctioning bodies
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Caffeine Acts as a mental stimulant May impair motor performance in activities that require manual dexterity and calmness Increases endurance performance Has side effects, including irritability, restlessness, anxiety, and heart arrhythmias Not banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency, www.wada-ama.org www.wada-ama.org
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Anabolic Steroids Resemble growth-promoting and masculinizing hormones Can increase strength, muscle mass, and body weight Popular with strength and power athletes as well as body builders Also used by endurance athletes to improve performance Banned by all major athletic sanctioning bodies
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Some Serious Side-Effects of Anabolic Steroids Liver dysfunction/cancer Blood-filled cysts Hypertension Elevated blood lipids Reduced HDL cholesterol Reduced sperm count/lack of sperm Mammary development in males Testicular atrophy Absence of menstruation Prostatic cancer Depressed immune function Premature closure of epiphyseal plates in children
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Your Perspective Several prominent athletes have received fame and glory after an athletic triumph, only to face shame and disgrace after it was discovered that they had used banned substances (and had their victory or title taken away). What do you think of these athletes, what they (or their trainers) did, and the end results?
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Clinical Application Natural Steroid Hormones as Ergogenic Aids Androstenedione and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) Produced naturally in the body by the adrenal gland and testes Used to increase strength and muscle mass Questionable effectiveness Many side-effects associated with anabolic steroids are also of concern with these Banned by many athletic governing bodies
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Growth Hormone A naturally occurring polypeptide secreted by the anterior pituitary gland Intended to facilitate normal growth and development in children Can now be synthesized Used by strength and power athletes to increase muscle size and strength and to improve performance Little scientific data regarding effectiveness Has possible severe health-related consequences Banned by the IOC and others
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Sodium Bicarbonate (Baking Soda) A naturally occurring buffer of acids in the blood Used to reduce fatigue-causing effects of lactic acid build-up during moderate- to high- intensity physical activity Does not result in substantial health risks Not banned by athletic sanctioning organizations
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Arginine A semi-essential amino acid found in a variety of foods Results: In patients with pulmonary and cardiovascular disease, increased exercise tolerance, hand-grip strength, and muscle blood flow In healthy subjects, increased upper body strength, anaerobic threshold, and physical working capacity at the fatigue threshold Not associated with harmful side-effects Not banned by athletic sanctioning organizations
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Beta-Alanine Nonproteogenic amino acid produced in the liver Has been shown to delay the onset of metabolic and neuromuscular fatigue and to increase high-intensity work output Not banned by athletic sanctioning organizations
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Creatine Synthesized primarily in the liver from amino acids Found in meat and fish Stored in skeletal muscle; used as a fuel source for high- intensity exercise Improves anaerobic capabilities, body composition, and muscular strength Increases body weight, fat-free weight, and muscle mass Does not result in substantial health risks Is not banned by athletic sanctioning organizations
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Pyruvate A metabolite of carbohydrate metabolism Marketed as a weight-loss agent, anti-oxidant, and cholesterol-reducing agent High doses may improve performance in endurance activities Does not result in substantial health risks at low doses (higher doses may result in GI disturbances) Not banned by athletic sanctioning organizations
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Beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) A metabolite produced from the breakdown of the amino acid leucine Used to increase muscle mass and strength and decrease fat weight Also studied for effect on muscle damage from long- distance running Does not appear to result in substantial health risks for short-term supplementation Not banned by athletic sanctioning organizations
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Phosphate Loading Oral administration of sodium phosphate Conflicting evidence about ergogenic effects— Some evidence shows increases in VO 2 max and anaerobic threshold Has not been shown to improve endurance performance in several different activities May increase time to exhaustion Additional research is needed Not banned by athletic sanctioning organizations
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Blood Doping (Erythrocythemia) The process: 8 to 12 weeks prior to competition, remove two pints of blood. Separate and freeze red blood cells (RBC). Athlete continues to train, and the body restores RBC count to normal levels. A week before competition, reinfuse the RBCs. Results in an increase in RBC concentration and improved oxygen transport capability Appears to be effective at improving distance running performance Banned by IOC and NCAA
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Erythropoietin A drug used for anemia and kidney disease Stimulates bone marrow to produce red blood cells Improves performance in a manner similar to blood doping Has a number of side-effects, including increased risk of heart attack and stroke Banned by the IOC
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Carbohydrate Loading (Glycogen Supercompensation) Increases the amount of glycogen stored in muscles Delays the onset of fatigue during endurance activities A moderate carbohydrate diet can accomplish supercompensation
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Your Perspective As a high school coach, what advice regarding ergogenic aids would you give to student- athletes who want to improve their sprinting performance? Their endurance? Their strength? As a professional trainer at a gym, what advice would you give to a client who wants to increase his muscle size and definition?
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Where to Learn More Ergogenic aids: www.physsportsmed.com/issues/1997/04apr/eichner.htm www.physsportsmed.com/issues/1997/04apr/eichner.htm Steroid abuse and addiction: www.nida.nih.gov/ResearchReports/Steroids/ AnabolicSteroids.html www.nida.nih.gov/ResearchReports/Steroids/ AnabolicSteroids.html Creatine supplementation: www.sportsci.org/traintech/creatine/rbk.html www.sportsci.org/traintech/creatine/rbk.html U.S. Anti-Doping Agency: www.usantidoping.org www.usantidoping.org
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