2. 1868 FREDRICK MEISCHER half nucleus is protein & ? SOMETHING ELSE

3. 1890’s SCIENTISTS LEARN THE SOMETHING ELSE IS …

4. DNA

5. DNA STRUCTURE PENTOSE SUGAR PHOSPHATE GROUP NITROGEN BASES

6. Double Helix Molecular Structure purine pyrimadine

8. Chromatin packing http://www.teachersdomain.org/resource/tdc02.sci.life.gen.journeydna/ http://www.teachersdomain.org/resource/tdc02.sci.life.gen.journeydna/

9. DNA REPLICATION It is semiconservative Two original and two new complementary strand One original and One new complementary strand WrongCorrect

10. WALTER SUTTON “The hereditary material is carried on chromosomes”

11. CHROMOSOMES ARE EQUAL PARTS OF DNA & PROTEIN

12. FREDERICK GRIFFITH 1928

13. DISCOVERED TRANSFORMATION IT WAS …? DNA BUT HE CALLED IT? TRANSFORMING FACTOR FREDERICK GRIFFITH

14. GRIFFITH HE WORKS WITH STREP. PNEUMONIA, A BACTERIA 2 FORMS SMOOTH AND ROUGH SMOOTH HAS A PROTEIN CAPSULE THAT CAUSES PNEUMONIA ROUGH HAS NO CAPSULE AND IS NOT DEADLY

15. 1.HE INJECTS Smooth FORM INTO A MOUSE THE MOUSE… DIES 2.HE THEN INJECTS THE Rough FORM INTO A MOUSE THE MOUSE LIVES GRIFFITH

16. 3.NEXT HE HEAT KILLS THE Smooth FORM HE THEN INJECTS INTO A MOUSE THE MOUSE LIVES! 4.HE TAKES “KILLED” Smooth & LIVE Rough & INJECTS THIS INTO A MOUSE THE MOUSE CROAKS! 5.HE TAKES A BLOOD SAMPLE FROM THE DEAD MOUSE AND FINDS LIVE Smooth encapsulated FORM! GRIFFITH

17. HE SAYS-”SOMETHING TRANSFORMED THE Live rough FORM INTO A LIVE Smooth FORM” THIS IS SOME KIND OF “TRANSFORMING FACTOR” GRIFFITH

18. AVERY, McCARTY, MacLEOD 1944 WANTED TO KNOW WHAT IS THE TRANSFORMING MATERIAL? THEY PURIFIED CHEMICALS FROM HEAT KILLED “Smooth” bacteria, TO SEE WHICH ONES WOULD TRANSFORM LIVE “Rough” bacteria INTO “Smooth”, deadly bacteria THEY DISCOVERED IT WAS DNA

19. AVERY, ET AL EXPERIMENT THEY TREATED SAMPLES OF HEAT KILLED “S” WITH DIFFERENT ENZYMES TO BREAK DOWN MOLECULES into rna, dna, proteins, lipids & carbs. TO SEE WHICH ONE CAUSED TRANSFORMATION “R” ONLY BECAME TRANSFORMED INTO “S”, WHEN IN THE PRESENCE OF… Smooth DNA- DID TRANSFORMATION, THEY FOUND THEIR ANSWER!

20. Avery et al. experiment

21. 1950 Chargaff’s Rules In his studies he sees that the amount of A is = to T The amount of C is = to G This precise equation later helped Watson & Crick

22. HERSHEY & CHASE 1952 WORKED W/BACTERIOPHAGE VIRUS THAT INFECTS ONLY BACTERIA ONLY MADE FROM DNA & PROTEIN THEY CONCLUDED THE INFECTED BACTERIA WERE TRANSFORMED BY DNA, NOT PROTEIN BUT HOW… http://nortonbooks.com/college/biology/ani mations/ch12a02.htmhttp://nortonbooks.com/college/biology/ani mations/ch12a02.htm

24. HERSHEY & CHASE

25. Rosalind Franklin

26. Rosalind’s X-Ray of DNA

27. Maurice Wilkins

28. James Watson & Francis Crick

29. 1953 WATSON & CRICK MAKE THE DISCOVERY THAT DNA IS A DOUBLE HELIX SHAPE THEY WIN?

30. NOBEL PRIZE

31. 1962 WINNERS ARE ANNOUNCED THEY ARE WATSON, CRICK &?

32. MAURICE WILKINS!

33. ROSALIND FRANKLIN COULD NOT WIN SHE WAS DEAD!

34. DNA REPLICATION http://www.wiley.com/college/pratt/0471393878/student/animations/dna_replica tion/index.html http://www.wiley.com/college/pratt/0471393878/student/animations/dna_replica tion/index.html

37. Shorter, lagging strand on telomere end

38. DNA REPLICATION It is done with enzymes! 1. Helicase (enzyme) unwinds the DNA –There are now 2 open strands that can be copied 2. RNA Polymerase (enzyme) primes the new strand with RNA primers (nitrogen bases) to start the new strand only 10-100 nitrogen bases long 3. Then DNA Polymerase (enzyme) brings DNA nucleotides together to complete a new DNA strand. 4. The RNA primers are removed after the DNA strand portion is complete. This leaves gaps though where the RNA was. 5. DNA Polymerase fills in the gaps from the RNA that is removed. 6. DNA Ligase (Enzyme) glues the strands of DNA to make one continuous strand.