4.  Summative  Formative

5.  Individuals,  Assignments,  Learning activity  Courses,  Programs,  Institutions.  Assessment at a point in time v. longitudinal assessment

6.  Direct Assessment of Learning  Gathers evidence, based on student performance, which demonstrates the learning itself.  Indirect Assessment of Learning -  Gathers reflection about the learning or secondary evidence of its existence. Ex. Student survey asking about development of cultural awareness  Embedded Assessment –  A means of gathering information about student learning that is built into and a natural part of the teaching-learning process.

7.  Validity – A measure of how well an assessment relates to what students are expected to have learned. A valid assessment measures what it is supposed to measure and not some peripheral features.  Reliability – A measure of the constancy of scoring outcomes over time or over many evaluators. A test is considered reliable if the same answers produce the same score no matter when and how the scoring is done.

8.  Objective tests  Pre/Post tests  Rubrics  Classroom assignments  Skills competency  Student Portfolios  Audio taping  Video taping

9.  Bloom’s taxonomy  SOLO taxonomy

11.  Triangulation or mixed methods

12.  Qualitative  Quantitative