1. Europe Transformed: Reform and State Building 14

2. The Reformation of the Sixteenth Century: Background  The Growth of State Power- new monarchies and Machiavelli’s The Prince  Social Changes in the Renaissance- economy recovering after Black Death, peasants still majority, serfdom declines, banking,  The Impact of Printing- spread religious ideas, Johannes Gutenberg perfected printing press, books cheaper  Prelude to Reformation  Christian Humanism, Northern Renaissance humanism  Desiderius Erasmus (1466-1536)- “the Philosophy of Christ”  Church and Religion on the Eve of the Reformation  Problems in the Church; Popes failed to meet needs of church  View of ordinary people- collection of relics and paying indulgences

3. Martin Luther and the Reformation in Germany  Monk and professor at the University of Wittenberg  Looking for assurance of salvation  Catholic Church emphasized both faith and good works  Luther arrived at the idea of justification by faith alone  Immediate problem was the selling of indulgences  Ninety-five Theses, 1517  Excommunication, 1521  The religious movement became a revolution  Quickly became territorial, or state, churches  New form of worship  Closely tied to political affairs  Peace of Augsburg, 1555- Princes decided religion of principalities

4. The Spread of the Protestant Reformation  Calvin and Calvinism  John Calvin (1509-1564) Published Institutes of the Christian Religion, 1536 Doctrine of predestination Reform of the city of Geneva, Switzerland, 1536  English Reformation  King Henry VIII of England (1509-1574) Desire to divorce Catherine of Aragon, wanted to have a son Act of Supremacy, 1534 (stated King was supreme head of Church) King Edward VI of England (1547-1553); son of Henry, continued Protestantism Queen Mary of England (1553-1558); reverted country back to Catholic Church, killed thousands of Protestants

5. The Spread of the Protestant Reformation (cont.’d)  Anabaptists were Protestant Radicals  Believed in separation of church and state  Demanded spiritual rebirth, adult baptism  The Social Impact of the Reformation  New views of the family; center of human life, mutual love between man and wife, but males ruled

6. Catholics and Protestants in Europe by 1560

7. The Catholic Reformation  Society of Jesus (Jesuits), 1540  Founded by Ignatius of Loyola (1491-1556)  Absolute obedience to Pope  Use of education to achieve their goals  Dedication to engage in “conflict for God”  A reformed papacy  Pope Paul III, 1534-1549 Reform commission; blamed the church’s problems on corrupt policies of Pope and Cardinals Recognized the Jesuits  Council of Trent, 1545-1563  Reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachings

8. Politics and the Wars of Religion in the Sixteenth Century  French Wars of Religion (1562-1598)  Huguenots- French Protestants  Henry IV, Huguenot who converted to Catholicism(1589-1610)  Issued Edict of Nantes, (1598) recognized Catholicism as official religion, but granted Huguenot religious toleration  Philip II and Militant Catholicism  Philip II of Spain, (1556-1598) Strict conformity to Catholicism / Strong monarchical authority Battle of Lepanto, 1571, defeated the Turks  Problems with the Netherlands- seven northern provinces became United Provinces of Netherlands  The England of Elizabeth  Queen Elizabeth I, 1558-1603, daughter of Henry VIII  The Spanish Armada; defeated the Armada of Phillip II  England remains Protestant

9. ©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license. Europe in the Seventeenth Century

10. Economic and Social Crisis: Witchcraft Mania  Italy became an economic backwater  Increase in population from 60 million in 1500 to 85 million in 1600; decline after 1650, especially in central and southern Europe (war, famine, plaque)  Witchcraft  Perhaps 100,000 prosecuted  Poor most likely to be accused  More than 75 percent were women

11. Economic Trends in the Seventeenth Century  Mercantilism; acquisition of colonies, high tariffs, favorable balance of trade where more valuable goods are exported rather than imported.  International commerce; most trade was in Europe  New forms of commercial organization  Joint-stock companies, individuals bought shares in company. (Dutch East India Company)  80 percent of Europeans involved in agriculture

12. Seventeenth Century Crises: Revolution and War  Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648)- led by Habsburg Holy Roman Empire and Protestants (primarily Calvinists)  Rivalry between France, Spain, and Holy Roman Empire  Peace of Westphalia, 1648, ended the War; all states were free to determine their own religion (Roman Empire divided)  France emerge as most dominant in Europe  A Military Revolution?  Sweden’s Gustavus Adolphus developed first standing army of conscripts with flexible tactics (equal number of musketeers and pikemen standing six men deep)  Resulted in higher taxes and bureaucracy

13. The Practice of Absolutism  France under Louis XIV  Louis XIV (1643-1715), The Sun King; divine-right monarchy Versailles served three purposes: personal household of king, location of central government, and where nobles gathered Greatest danger came from the high nobility; reduced power of nobles Jean-Baptiste Colbert (1619-1683), controlled general finances Wars; an army of 400,000 men, but left France impoverished  Absolutism in Central and Eastern Europe  Brandenburg-Prussia becomes known as Prussia Frederick William the Great Elector laid the foundation for the Prussian State (1640-1688) Frederick I, First king of Prussia, Prussia emerged as a great power in 18 th century  Austria under the Habsburgs Territorial expansion Monarch never becomes highly centralized, too many ethnicities

14. From Moscovy to Russia  Ivan IV, the Terrible, (1533-1584)  First to take the title tsar  Dynasty ends in 1598 followed by anarchy  Zemsky Sobor (national assembly) chose Michael Romanov in 1598 to be new tsar  Peter the Great (1689-1725)- Romanov Dynasty  Built new Capital, Saint Petersburg, his “window to the west”  Trip west, 1697-1698  Plans to westernize Russia  Reorganize army and navy  Divided Russia into provinces  Hoped to create a sense of civic duty

15. England and Limited Monarchy  Revolution and Civil War  Conflict between King and Parliament – Stuart Dynasty after Elizabeth Tudor died in 1603  James VI of Scotland became James I (1603-1625) of England advocated divine right for kings  Charles I (1625-1649) executed after civil war; monarchy abolished, republic (commonwealth) established under Cromwell  Republic, 1648-1660  Oliver Cromwell and military rule  Dispersed Parliament by force  After Cromwell’s death, monarchy restored

16. Restoration and a Glorious Revolution  Charles II (1660-1685)  Parliament suspicious of his Catholic leanings  Declaration of Indulgence, 1672; suspended the laws passed by Parliament against Catholics  Charles forced to suspend the declaration by Parliament  James II (1685-1688)  Open and devout Catholic  Religion once again area of conflict  Birth of a son, 1688, assuring Catholic monarchy  Throne offered to William of Orange and his wife Mary, the Protestant daughter of James II (Glorious Revolution); forced to sign  Bill of Rights ( Parliament right to tax, pass laws, people right to jury

17. European Culture  Art: The Baroque  Harmonize the classical ideals of Renaissance art with the spiritual feeling of the 16th century religious revival  Peter Paul Rubens (1577-1640); dramatic light and shadows, rich pigments  Art: Dutch Realism  Judith Leyster (c. 1609 – 1660); painter; first female member of Guild of Saint Luke in Haarlem  A Golden Age of Literature in England  Called the Elizabethan Era; much of culture flowering came in reign of Elizabeth  William Shakespeare(1564-1614); “complete man of the theatre”

18. Discussion Questions  What were the social and political consequences of the Reformation  What steps did French kings take in the seventeenth century to concentrate power in the central government?  Describe English government before and after the events of the seventeenth century.  How did seventeenth-century art reflect larger historical developments?