1. Chapter 9 SOURCES OF ENERGY

2. Energy Sources Most energy generated today comes from burning fossil fuels These are “non-renewable” energy sources Coal will run out in approx. 300 years Oil will run out in approx. 40-70 years Natural gas will run out in approx. 70-110 years

3. Renewable Energy Sources Biomass Solar Wind Geothermal Tidal

4. Resources and Reserves Resource- potentially extracted- not economic to extract at present time Reserve- known deposits that can be extracted with current technology, under present economic conditions and be profitable

5. Coal Formation Organic matter dies and is covered by water (peat) Then covered by sediment (lignite) Increased pressure and temperature get bituminous coal Increase pressure and temperature some more and result is anthracite coal

6. Composition of Coal Types PEATLIGNITEBITUMINOUSANTHRACITE WATER90%43%3% VOLATILES5%19%32%1% FIXED CARBON5%38%65%96%

7. Coal Most abundant fossil fuel Supplies about 42% of United States electricity 3 Types: Lignite Bituminous- most abundant, easiest to obtain Anthracite- deeper, cleaner burning

8. Ways of Obtaining Coal 1.Strip Mining- becoming much more common in last 40 years (done when seam is not too deep) Problems: Disrupt landscape Must reclaim land Takes long time for area to return to original productivity

9. Ways of Obtaining Coal 2. Underground Mining Less impact to surface environment Subsidence (sinking) can occur Large waste heaps (bony piles)

10. Health and Pollution Issues Mining is Dangerous – Black Lung Disease – Mine Accidents (Quecreek, Chile)

11. Health and Pollution Issues Dust pollution AMD- occurs when sulfur in coal reacts with water Oxygen + Water + Sulfur forms Sulfuric acid, polluting streams and making them uninhabitable Burning coal plays a role in acid rain, air pollution, and global warming

12. Oil Extraction causes less env. damage than coal Burns cleaner than coal Accounts for only about 1% of U.S. electricity Can be transported through pipelines More expensive to locate and retrieve Most oil in world is found in the Middle East Off-shore drilling more common ($, accidents)

13. Processing Oil 1.Separate components by heating 2.Then “crack” by adding heat and pressure to separate further -Result is gasoline, kerosene, petrochemicals -Petrochemicals are used for making plastics and other synthetic compounds -Oil spills are only 1/3 of pollution in ocean -Oil spills on land can pollute groundwater, soil, etc

14. Natural Gas Supplies about 25% of U.S. electricity Freezing (-162 C) liquefies gas and can be transported in tanker trucks where pipelines don’t exist Least disruptive environmentally of all fossil fuels Cleanest burning of fossil fuels Becoming more popular in U.S., especially PA and NY (Marcellus Shale)

15. Electricity Production in U.S. Source Percentage Coal42 Natural Gas25 Oil1 Nuclear19 Hydroelectric8 Wind3 Biomass1 Solar1

16. Renewable Energy Sources 1. Hydroelectric In early 1900s, 50% of U.S. electricity came from hydroelectric power Early uses included milling grain, sawing lumber, running machines in textile factories Today, primarily used for electricity generation

17. Problems with Hydroelectric Power Most suitable dam sites are already used Severely alters aquatic ecosystems Prevents sediment from flowing downstream to flat, fertile farmlands to replenish the soil Barrier for migrating fish (salmon, shad) now building “fish ladders” around dams

18. 3 Gorges Dam in China Largest hydropower project in world Wall is 610 feet tall and 1.3 miles from bank to bank across Yangtze River Displaced 1.2 million people Flooded 13 cities, 140 towns, 1,350 villages Approximately 373 miles long (about width of PA) Submerged factories, mines, dumps, etc.

19. Tidal Energy Tides caused by gravitational pull of sun and moon along with rotation of Earth Finding suitable sites is challenging Tides are strongest near poles and in bays or estuaries that are narrower to magnify the impact of the tides

20. Geothermal Energy Steam contains H 2 S (hydrogen sulfide)- produces slight odor Minerals in steam can corrode pipes = maintenance problems Minerals are toxic to fish Most efficient sites are around volcanoes and active fault lines

21. Wind Power Steady source of wind necessary Harmful to birds and bats, some of which are endangered Some noise pollution Major complaint is aesthetics

22. Solar Energy Amount of solar energy that reaches Earth each day is 600X the amount produced by all other sources Main problem is intermittent nature Not suitable for older homes and colder climates Collectors and photovoltaic cells are still expensive compared to traditional methods

23. Biomass Conversion Food shortages because of using crops for biomass drives food prices up in U.S. Alcohol produced from conversion of corn is less than energy required to grow corn

24. Fuelwood Primary source of energy for half of world’s population (cooking) Population growth in these areas has caused wood to be harvested faster than it can regenerate = desertification When burning wood, 75 organic compounds are released, of these 22 are known or suspected carcinogens

25. Solid Waste Only about 3-5% of burnable waste is utilized in the U.S. Air pollution and carcinogens released are some problems Also, recycling becoming more popular- plastics are being recycled (have a high heat content)

26. Conservation 3 R’s: Reduce, Reuse, Recycle Energy efficient appliances, windows, lights Think about future before making decisions/purchases