1. NEAR-COMPLETE TRANSURANIC WASTE INCINERATION IN THORIUM-FUELLED LIGHT WATER REACTORS Ben Lindley

2. BACKGROUND In ADSRs, transuranic (TRU) waste added to reactor with thorium. At end of fuel cycle, reprocessed and U-233 removed. Addition thorium and TRUs added Most waste is ultimately incinerated, but there is always some left as the isotope populations tend to equilibrium

3. LIGHT WATER REACTORS U/Pu MOX allows limited recycle 50-75% destruction is possible using Th/Pu MOX* *Shwageraus et al., 1995

4. METHOD In this study, Th/ dirty Pu MOX is considered in a Generation III+ PWR The TRUs are returned to the reactor after reprocessing The U-233 is also returned to the reactor Reloading parameters selected to give appropriate enrichments and burn-up (so note that all results are examples and ‘actual’ design may change the numbers) One batch fuel strategy assumed (e.g. 4 batch burn- ~60% higher)

5. METHOD (2) Analysis of single assembly performed using commercial reactor physics code WIMS 9 Model benchmarked against MCNP calculation Model and nuclear data library checked using IAEA benchmark

6. INCINERATION PERFORMANCE Waste becomes less reactive over time in a thermal reactor. “A fast neutron stage in the reactor appears… almost a necessity” (Rubbia et al., 1995)

7. PU AND U

8. MINOR ACTINIDES

9. BURN-UP

10. REACTOR BEHAVIOUR U-233 provides required excess reactivity Faster neutron spectrum than with U-235/U-238 fuel Self shielding encourages equilibrium behaviour Fuel loaded with additional MAs can also be incinerated Incineration tends towards ~250kg/GWth yr (compared to 280 kg/GWth yr in ADSR)* *Rubbia et al., 1995

11. PU AND U-233

12. MINOR ACTINIDES

13. REACTIVITY COEFFICIENTS Doppler coefficient (doesn’t change much) Void coefficient Moderator temperature coefficient 100% void coefficient

14. REACTIVITY COEFFICIENTS

15. REACTIVITY COEFFICIENTS (2)

16. IS A POSITIVE 100% VOID COEFFICIENT ACCEPTABLE? In PWRs, high void fractions without emergency shutdown seems implausible In BWRs, the void fraction at the top of the core can be 70-80% A negative 100% void coefficient is easier to achieve in a PWR PWR appears preferable

17. REACTIVITY CONTROL Soluble boron worth is much less Change in reactivity over cycle is also much less (no depletion of U-235; after a large number of cycles poisoning isotopes such as Pu-240 are depleted over the cycle) Result: little change

18. RELATIVE SOLUBLE BORON REQUIRED

19. REACTIVITY CONTROL If coolant boils/expands amount of boron in the core is reduced Fast neutron spectrum as coolant boils reduces boron capture cross section Soluble boron makes the reactivity coefficients worse

20. MAXIMUM VS REQUIRED BORON

21. ALTERNATIVE CONTROL METHODS Control rods Burnable poisons

22. WHAT ELSE NEEDS CHECKING? Reactor kinetics are different (worse than U-235/U- 238) Practicality of multiple reprocessing (also a problem for ADSR) How much dirty Pu can be loaded in the core? (worse than ADSR) Can the U-232 be handled and reside in the core without too much damage?

23. ADDITIONAL WORK Reduced-Moderation PWR –Improved burn-up per % Pu enrichment –E.g. <16 wt% dirty Pu, 60 GWd/te 4 batch burn-up Reduced-Moderation BWR (High Conversion) –Extensive research programme in Japan –Aim to limit TRU loading –Thorium is useful alternative to U/Pu for stability reasons –Strategic alternative to LMFBR or GFR?

24. A Generation III+ reactor can be used to achieve approaching 100% TRU incineration –Competitive or improved burn-ups –Stable –Controllable –Thermal-hydraulics are compatible Low cost, low risk: new reactor designs, coolant technology and accelerator technology not required Commercial implementation in medium term? CONCLUSIONS