1. Westward Expansion © Mark Batik Jesuit College Prep

2. Indian Removal Jackson’s View –NA should be removed –NA were barbarians, heathens –Mask removal in the language of civilization States start to reject NA sovereignty over their land and apply their laws to NA within their jurisdiction

3. Indian Removal and the Constitution State usurpation violates the Constitution –Congress has authority over NA –Treaties signed are the law of the land Cherokee Nation v. Georgia: Indians are a domestic dependent nation with an unquestioned right to their land Worchester v. Georgia: GA law doesn’t apply against NA because they have special status as a distinct political unit “Marshall has made his decision, now let him enforce it”—A. Jackson

4. Indian Removal in Congress 1830 Removal Act Allows Jackson to negotiate new treaties to move nations west From 1830-38, various peoples were moved west Cherokees being the last holdouts were forcibly removed in 1838

5. MAP 11.5 Southern Indian Cessions and Removals, 1830s Pressure on the five major southern Indian peoples—the Cherokees, Chickasaws, Choctaws, Creeks, and Seminoles—that began during the War of 1812, culminated with their removal in the 1830s. Some groups from every tribe ceded their southern homelands peacefully and moved to the newly established Indian Territory west of Arkansas and Missouri. Some, like the Seminoles, resisted by force. Others, like the Cherokees, resisted in the courts, but finally lost when President Andrew Jackson refused to enforce a Supreme Court decision in their favor. The Cherokees, the last to move, were forcibly removed by the U.S. Army along the “Trail of Tears” in 1838.

7. Move to Small Reservation Policy “The only good Indian is a dead Indian” –General William T. Sherman 1867: Small reservation policy Indian Uprisings: –Sioux War 1876-77 –Little Big Horn 1876 –Nez Perce 1877 –Apaches 1880s –Battle of Wounded Knee 1884 (Ghost Dancing)

8. Move to Assimilation Policy Helen Hunt Jackson “A Century of Dishonor” (1881) Dawes Severalty Act 1887 –Transition from Tribal to individual land ownership –Trust relationship established Boarding Schools Citizenship No longer sovereign

10. Post Dawes Relationship Citizenship granted to all NA in 1924 Indian Reorganization Act replaces Dawes in 1934 Cobell v. Kempthorne—settled in 2009 for $3.4 billion

16. The Fall of the Cowboy, Frederic S. Remington, 1895

18. Frontier Thesis Frederick Jackson Turner America’s available frontier shaped the American character As the west closed, urbanization would be the future American character Frontier Characteristics: –Mobility –Inventiveness –Wastefulness –Democratic spirit –Individualism

19. Answer the following question Assess the validity of the following statement: –The settlement of the West fundamentally altered the identity of the United States.