1. Europe’s Latitude v. US

2. Average Annual Precipitation

3. WHERE THE WARM GULF STREAM ORIGINATES

4. North Atlantic Drift Current

5. Climate Regions Climate Regions

6. II.CLIMATE OF WESTERN EUROPE (dependent on nearness to sea) A.North Atlantic Drift Current: warm ocean current moderates British Isles & mainland Europe. (p.273 of textbook) B. Warm GULF STREAM: carries warm water from Gulf of Mexico & Caribbean Sea. 1. Hugs Atlantic Coast; pushed eastward near Newfoundland by the Arctic/Labrador Current. 2. Gulf Stream can travel at 70 MPH/ slows to about 10 MPH as it crosses Atlantic Ocean. Renamed NORTH ATLANTIC DRIFT CURRENT. 3. No. Atlantic Drift Current moves in a clockwise direction; can be 3,000 feet deep and 500+ miles wide.

7. 4. PREVAILING WESTERLY WINDS: sweep across Atlantic above North Atlantic Drift Current; pick up warmth & moisture from water; bring rain & warm winds to British Isles; bring rain & moderate temperatures to mainland Europe. Gives region a MARINE WEST COAST CLIMATE. 5. North Atlantic Drift Current flows along WEST COAST OF BRITISH ISLES; pushes along west side of Scandinavian Peninsula; continues into ARCTIC OCEAN in clockwise direction; wraps around the top of SCANDINAVIAN Peninsula & southward to the KOLA Peninsula.

8. 6. SCANDINAVIAN PENINSULA : Moderate westerly winds blow onto peninsula/ blocked by the KJÖLEN Mountains. -The LEEWARD SIDE of peninsula has COLD SUBARCTIC TEMPERATURES/ Waters in Baltic Sea & Gulf of Bothnia can freeze in winter/ Ice blocks narrow passages of North Sea leading into Baltic seaports/ Ports are frozen shut much of the winter. (OROGRAPHIC EFFECT)

9. 7.Ports (like Murmansk) on EASTERN side of Kola Peninsula (above Arctic Circle) can stay open all winter because of North Atlantic Drift Current. 8. As the Northern European Plain extends further eastward toward Poland and Western Russia, THERE IS LESS RAIN AND MORE SEVERE TEMPERATURES. (Factor of CONTINENTALITY)

10. 1.SOUTHERN EUROPE : MOUNTAINS block the Atlantic winds from reaching inland to the Iberian, Italian, and southern Balkan Peninsulas. C.Other WINDS & MOUNTAINS

11. a.Result: MEDITERRANEAN CLIMATE (Hot, dry summers and cool, rainy winters). Winds & temperature of region are moderated by the Mediterranean Sea b.Major crops grown: GRAPES, OLIVES & CITRUS FRUITS. c.Mountains terrain with poor and rocky soil: farmers practice TERRRACED FARMING

12. - SIROCCO: hot, humid, often dust & sand-filled, S/SE wind/ originates as hot, dry, desert winds from No. Africa that blow N/NE picking up moisture from the Mediterranean and bringing clouds, fog and rain to Europe’s southern Mediterranean basin (Italy & Balkan Peninsula) - FOEHNS : Dry winter winds that blow from leeward (eastern side of the Alps) …causes melting snow & avalanches.

13. MISTRAL WINDS from N/NW

14. SIROCCO WINDS from AFRICA’s SAHARA

15. 2. NORTHERN EUROPE a. Far North: TUNDRA CLIMATE b. Region has PERMAFROST (Subsoil is always frozen and trees do not grow there, only moss and lichens. c. On the southern part of the peninsula: poor, thin soil caused by glaciers. d. Far Northern Latitudes: major variations in amount of daylight in summer and winter. Caused by the tilt of the earth

16. D. Climate, Population Density & Pollution 1.Forests cleared : a. for FARMLANDS & PASTURELANDS (needed for food to feed large populations). b. for FUEL & BUILDING MATERIALS c. Because of DEFORESTATION caused from industrial pollution. * ELEVATION IS A FACTOR THAT CAN AFFECT TEMPERATURE, CLIMATE & LAND USE AT ANY LATITUDE. ** ELEVATION ALSO AFFECTS VEGETATION AND ANIMAL LIFE IN THE REGION.

17. MAJOR ENVIRON- MENTAL DISASTERS & POLLUTION PROBLEMS

18. GEOGRAPHIC ISSUE: Acid Rain These rains affect nearly ¼ of Europe’s forests and are produced by emissions from factories mixing with water vapor that falls as acid rain across Europe (page 285 in your textbook)

19. After acid rain