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SEDIMENTARY........... #1 3c
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#1 3c Sedimentary rock is formed when small particles of rock, evaporites or organic material accumulate in layers and are subjected to great pressure.
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#2 3c
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#2 3c Igneous rock forms from the cooling of a hot, molten mass of rock, either below the Earth’s surface (intrusive) or above the Earth’s surface (extrusive).
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INTRUSIVE EXTRUSIVE #3 3c
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#3 3c Intrusive magma cools more slowly and creates larger crystals than extrusive magma.
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+ = + I’M MARBLOUS ! #4 3c
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#4 3c Metamorphic, igneous & sedimentary rocks subjected to heat and pressure become metamorphic rock. (ex. Limestone marble.)
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#5 3c
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#5 3c Rocks melt only under certain conditions, the combination of temperature, pressure and chemical makeup.
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#6 3a,b
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#6 3a,b The Earth is broken into at least 12 rigid plates that are moving.
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Indian Plate Eurasian Plate Lithosphere Asthenosphere #7 3a,b
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#7 3a.b The driving force of plate tectonics and seafloor spreading is probably related to convection currents in the Earth’s mantle - especially the asthenosphere.
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#8 3a,b
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#8 3a,b The energy within the Earth (geothermal) powers plate tectonics.
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Ocean Ridge Avenue Continental Moving Co. Continental Moving Co. #9 3 a,b
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#9 3a,b The theory of seafloor spreading explains that continents “ride” with the ocean floor as it moves away from the ridges.
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Ocean Ridge Trench #10 3a
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#10 3a New crust is formed at ocean ridges and destroyed at the trenches.
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N S N S N S N S N S N S Ocean Ridge N #11 3a
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#11 3a Magnetic bands of different polarities create mirror images on opposite sides of the mid-ocean ridges. This provides evidence for seafloor spreading.
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#12 3c
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#12 2d The continental crust is much older than the oceanic crust. This is evidence that supports seafloor spreading.
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#13 3b
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#13 3b Convergent plates move towards each other. Divergent plates move away from each other. Transform plates move past each other.
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#14 3b
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#14 3b In a transform boundary, two plates move horizontally past each other. Faults and earthquakes occur here.
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Arabian Plate African Plate Great Rift Valley East Africa 10% 90% Mid-Atlantic Ridge #15 3b
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#15 3b In a divergent boundary, plates separate creating a rift. Most are underwater (ocean ridges), but a few are on land (Great Rift Valley in East Africa).
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#16 3b
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#16 3b In a continental- oceanic boundary, ocean crust is subducted. Volcanic mountains are created.
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#17 3b
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#17 3b In an oceanic- oceanic boundary younger crust is subducted. Volcanic island arcs are created.
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#18 3b
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#18 3b In a continental- continental convergent boundary, the two buoyant crusts are pushed up into a mountain range.
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#19 3d
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#19 3d Magnitude rates the energy released by an earthquake and can be measured by using several different scales such as the Moment Magnitude scale and the Richter scale.
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#20 3d
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#20 3d Earthquake intensity is a measure of the severity of an earthquake based on observations of its effect on Earth’s surface, buildings and people. It is rated by the Modified Mercalli scale.
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STRESS #21 3d
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#21 3d Earthquakes occur when the stress on a fracture in the Earth (fault) is greater than the strength of the rocks.
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TYPE 1 TYPE 2 TYPE 3 #22 3e
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#22 3e Volcanoes are classified into 3 types based on size, shape, type of magma and type of eruption.
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1st Basaltic SHIELD #23 3e
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#23 3e Shield volcanoes are the largest with gently sloping sides and non- explosive basaltic lava flows.
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2nd Silica Gases H20H20 COMPOSITE Basaltic #24 3e
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#24 3e Composite (strato) volcanoes are large, have steep sides with layers of lava flows and explosive debris, often separate vents, usually violent eruptions and have varied magma types.
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3rd Silica Gases H20H20 CINDER CONE #25 3e
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#25 3e Cinder cone volcanoes are the smallest, have steep sides from ejected material, erupt violently and have magma high in silica and water.
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PACIFIC OCEAN YOU ARE HERE (the majority at least) #26 3b
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#26 3b Most volcanic eruptions and earthquakes occur at plate boundaries. The majority of both of these happen in the circum-pacific belt (“Ring of Fire”).
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#27 3b
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#27 3b California is subject to a variety of natural hazards such as tsunamis, coastal erosion of cliffs, earthquakes, volcanoes and landslides of uplifted areas.
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#28 9a
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#28 9b Many of California’s valuable ore deposits (ex. gold) are the result of molten igneous rocks injected into older rocks.
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Central Valley #29 9a
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#29 9b The Central Valley of California is a major agricultural area and source of oil and natural gas.
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N. American Plate Pacific Plate #30 9a, 4a
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#30 9a, 4a Geothermal resources in California are related to mountain building and diverging plates.
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#31 2d
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#31 9c Agriculture and industry are the basis of California’s economy and require large amounts of water.
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#32 9c
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#33 9c Man-made canals and pipelines redistribute water from the northern part of California to the southern part.
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#32 2d Northern California receives most of the rain but Southern California requires most of the water.
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#33 9c
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^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^ #34 9c
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#34 9c Most of California’s water comes from runoff of melting snow in the mountains.
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#35 4a
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#35 4a Energy that reaches the Earth from the Sun far exceeds that from within the Earth.
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#36 4a
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#36 4a Total energy used by society is small compared to the energy that reaches the Earth from the Sun – harnessing it is still a problem.
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#37 4a
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#37 4a Fossil fuels are stored in the Earth’s crust and are limited.
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CO 2 + H 2 0 --->Glucose + 0 2 #38 4a, 7c
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#38 4a, 7c Energy from the Sun is stored in plants through photosynthesis and is the primary source of energy for life on Earth.
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OCEAN BIOSPHERE FOSSIL FUELS ATMOSPHERE #39 7b
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#39 7b Carbon is held in the reservoirs of the biosphere, atmosphere, oceans and fossil fuels.
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CO 2 + H 2 0 --->Glucose + 0 2 Glucose + O 2 --->C0 2 + H 2 0 #40 7b
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#40 7b Carbon moves through the physical environment through plate tectonics and through the biosphere during photosynthesis and respiration.
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CO 2 + H 2 0 --->Glucose + 0 2 Glucose + O 2 --->C0 2 + H 2 0 #41 7b
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#41 7b The energy to move carbon between Earth’s reservoirs comes from the Sun or the Earth’s internal energy.
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acid CO 2 #42 7b
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#42 7b In the geologic carbon cycle CO 2 in the atmosphere dissolves in water, is incorporated into shells and becomes limestone rock. Carbon is returned after being elevated and eroded or subducted, heated and erupted.
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