3. A D C B E

4.  A fertilized egg divides to form a mass of cells called a gastrula.  Undifferentiated cells of the gastrula can become any of a number of different types of cells….

6.  Apoptosis is the scheduled death of cells.  When cells are worn out or abnormal, the body stops it from dividing and “kills” it.  This occurs, for example, as a fetus develops fingers, the skin between the fingers is not allowed to develop, leaving free digits.

7.  Allows the top layer of your skin to regenerate, keeping your body covered in a healthy layer of cells.  Causes the loss of the endometrial lining when a woman is not pregnant leading to menstruation.  Causes leaves to fall of trees in the fall.

8.  Cancer is the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the body.  Rather than undergoing apoptosis, the abnormal cells continue to grow.

9.  Benzene and other chemicals  Drinking excess alcohol  Environmental toxins, such as certain poisonous mushrooms and a type of poison that can grow on peanut plants (aflatoxins)  Excessive sunlight exposure  Genetic problems  Obesity  Radiation  Viruses

10.  The three most common cancers in men in the United States are:  Prostate cancer Prostate cancer  Lung cancer Lung cancer  Colon cancer Colon cancer

11.  In women in the United States, the three most common cancers are:  Breast cancer Breast cancer  Colon cancer  Lung cancer

12.  Carcinogens – substances that are know to cause cancer. Includes: ▪ Chemicals such as benzene, formaldehyde ▪ Compounds such as asbestos ▪ Tobacco smoke ▪ Viruses such as HPV - human papilloma virus ▪ Radiation – X-Rays, Ultraviolet light (sunlight)

13. ▪ Genetics: It has long been noted that cancers tend to be herditary. This inheritance factor dictates a person’s physiological characteristics. For example, parents with fair hair may have children with fair hair and are prone to sunburn and therefore are susceptible to skin cancer. The genetic component does not, in itself, cause cancer. The person must still be exposed to an environmental cause.

15.  Hyperplasia  Dysplasia  In situ – contained tumor  Metastasis – invasive – abnormal cells enter the lymph or blood vessels and travel to other places in the body where a new tumor grows. ▪ Also called “spreading”

16.  Avoiding exposure to carcinogens, using sunscreen for example.  Not smoking…  Protecting yourself when using chemicals….  Avoiding exposure to viruses…. (HPV is sexually transmitted)  Eating well, avoiding stress  Avoiding drugs and alcohol

17.  Knowing your family history  Knowing your body – if you see something unusual, tell you parents or doctor. ▪ For example, if you notice an irregular patch of dark skin growing on your stomach where someone else would not notice it – ask to have it checked. ▪ Lumps should also be reported. As you get older, make sure you get checkups, mammograms, PAP smears, etc.

18.  If the cancer is confined to one location and has not spread, the most common treatment approach is surgery to cure the cancer. This is often the case with skin cancers, as well as cancers of the lung, breast, and colon.skin cancers  If the tumor has spread to local lymph nodes only, sometimes these can be removed.  If surgery cannot remove all of the cancer, the options for treatment include radiation, chemotherapy, or both. Some cancers require a combination of surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy.radiationchemotherapy  Lymphoma, or cancer of the lymph glands, is rarely treated with surgery. Chemotherapy and radiation therapy are most often used to treat lymphoma. Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0002267

19.  If the cancer is confined to one location and has not spread, the most common treatment approach is surgery to cure the cancer. This is often the case with skin cancers, as well as cancers of the lung, breast, and colon.skin cancers  If the tumor has spread to local lymph nodes only, sometimes these can be removed.  If surgery cannot remove all of the cancer, the options for treatment include radiation, chemotherapy, or both. Some cancers require a combination of surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy.radiationchemotherapy  Lymphoma, or cancer of the lymph glands, is rarely treated with surgery. Chemotherapy and radiation therapy are most often used to treat lymphoma.

20.  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/ PMH0002267 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/ PMH0002267  http://www.cancer.org/ http://www.cancer.org/