1. © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Drugs in American Society Prepared by James Roberts University of Scranton Erich Goode Eighth Edition

2. © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 13-2 Chapter 13 Drugs and Crime: What’s the Connection? Outline What’s the Nature of the Drug-Crime Link? Drugs and Crime: Three Models The Drugs/Violence Nexus: Three Models The Role of Cocaine Use in Violent Behavior Heroin Addiction and Violence Alcohol and Violence

3. © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 13-3 What’s the Nature of the Drug- Crime Link? What is the connection between drug use and crime? People who use drugs are much more likely to commit nondrug crime than nonusers People who commit crime are much more likely to use drugs than people who do not commit crime

4. © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 13-4 What’s the Nature of the Drug- Crime Link? What is the connection between drug use and crime? Connection between certain drugs, such as heroin and crack cocaine, is vastly stronger than that between others, for instance, LSD and Ecstasy Criminogenic = having the capacity to cause or influence the commission of criminal behavior

5. © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 13-5 What’s the Nature of the Drug- Crime Link? Dependent variable = a factor that is caused by another factor, the independent variable: example age (the independent variable) causes drug use (the dependent variable) Independent variable = a casual factor, one that has effect on another factor

6. © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 13-6 Drugs and Crime: Three Models Three Models: 1. The Enslavement Model 2. The Predisposition Model 3. The Intensification Model Which model makes the most sense?

7. © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 13-7 1. The Enslavement Model Enslavement Model = the argument that more or less accidental or fortuitous narcotic addiction causes a life that revolves around engaging in money-making crimes; it is drug addiction that causes criminal behavior If addicting drugs were dispensed in clinics, the link between drug addiction and a life of crime would be severed

8. © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 13-8 2. The Predisposition Model Predisposition Model = the argument that the explanation for the connection between drug addiction and criminal behavior is that the kinds of people who are likely to engage in compulsive drug-taking behavior are also the kinds of people who are likely to engage in criminal behavior Drugs and crime are two sides of the same behavioral syndrome

9. © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 13-9 3. The Intensification Model Intensification Model = the argument that drug addiction accelerates but does not generate money- making criminal behavior, and that the predisposition to engage in both compulsive drug use and criminal behavior explains part but not all of the connection between the two Neither the enslavement nor the predisposition model is completely faithful to the facts

10. © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 13-10 The Drug/Violence Nexus: Three Models Three Models: 1. The Psychopharmacological Model 2. The Economic-Compulsive Model 3. The Systemic Model Which model makes the most sense?

11. © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 13-11 The Psychopharmacological Model Psychopharmacological Model = argues that drugs, specifically cocaine, and violence, specifically murder, are strongly connected because the direct effects of cocaine conduce or cause violent behavior Psychological and physical effects of psychoactive substances cause users to become violent towards others

12. © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 13-12 The Economic- Compulsive Model Economic-Compulsive Model = argues that the connection between drug use and violence is so strong because users need money to maintain their habit and, while committing money-making crimes, users engage in such behavior, such as robbery and burglary, which often turn violent, for instances, when the victim resists or struggles Economic crimes undertaken to support a drug habit don’t always remain simple property crimes

13. © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 13-13 The Systemic Model Systemic Model = argues that the reason the connection between drugs and violence is so strong is because the world of cocaine dealing is inherently conflictual, confrontational, and exploitative – and not because of the direct effects of cocaine Systemic violence refers to the traditionally aggressive patterns of interaction within the system of drug distribution and use

14. © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 13-14 Which Model Makes the Most Sense? Researcher Paul Goldstein and his colleagues argue that the systemic model best explains the facts Looking at a sample of criminal homicides in the city of New York during the late 1980s, that is, at the height of the crack epidemic, these researchers found that half were drug related, and of the ones that were drug related, 60 percent were crack related

15. © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 13-15 Which Model Makes the Most Sense? It became clear that very few of the crack-related homicides (3%) were psychopharmacological in origin and relatively few (7%) also were economic- compulsive in origin The vast majority were systemic

16. © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 13-16 The Role of Cocaine Use in Violent Behavior Violence tends to be gender related As men’s cocaine abuse increases, their likelihood of being the perpetrator of violence increases As women’s cocaine abuse increases, their likelihood of being the victim of crime increases

17. © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 13-17 Heroin Addiction and Violence Polydrug use = the use of more than one drug, whether at the same time or during a given period of time Cocaine and violence are frequent companions – and the greater the amount of cocaine someone uses, the greater the likelihood, and the seriousness, of violence behavior Prior to the 1970s, most researchers thought of the heroin addict as basically peaceful Beginning in the early 1970s, a new view of heroin addicts emerged: Their tendency to commit violence was significantly greater than that of the ordinary criminal or property offender

18. © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 13-18 Heroin Addiction and Violence It became a world of younger users, users who took many drugs, including alcohol and cocaine, in addition to heroin, users who were more likely to confront their victims in robberies rather than relying on stealth The 1970s marked the coming of a “new breed” of heroin addicts

19. © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 13-19 Alcohol and Violence Drunken comportment = behavior under the influence of alcohol Cognitive-Guidedness Approach (model/perspective) = the argument that behavior under the influence of alcohol is guided by cultural norms, rarely straying far from what is culturally acceptable Disinhibition Model = the argument that it is the direct effect of alcohol that causes drinkers to be liberated from society’s norms and leads to a substantial volume of dangerous, violent behavior while under the influence Alcohol is a legal drug, but statistically speaking, drinkers have higher rates of violence than nondrinkers

20. © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 13-20 Alcohol and Violence Some researches believe that alcohol is the culprit, arguing that alcohol disinhibits behavior, neutralizing the centers of our brains that force us to think twice about striking out at our fellow men and women Other researches believe that our behavior is cognitively guided by the cultural norms, not pharmacologically guided by alcohol Even though cultural norms do influence and limit our behavior, alcohol does disinhibit us and this disinhibition does sometimes – more often than when sober – result in violent behavior A substantial slice of the alcohol – violence link is psychopharmacological in nature

21. © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Drugs in American Society Prepared by James Roberts University of Scranton Erich Goode Eighth Edition

22. © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 14-22 Chapter 14 The Illicit Drug Industry Outline Availability, Price, Purity, and the Scale of the Drug Trade The Myth of the Size of the Drug Trade The Myth of Market Centralization in the Drug Trade The Myth of the Drug Trade as a Pure Economic Liability Where Do Drugs Come From? Factors that Facilitate the Illicit Drug Trade The Street Seller-to-User Transaction: Four Views

23. © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 14-23 Availability, Price, Purity, and t h e S c a l e o f t h e D r u g T r a d e Abt Associates estimates that in the year 2000, Americans: Spent $35 billion on cocaine Spent $10 billion on heroin Spent $5.4 billion on methamphetamine Spent $10.5 billion on marijuana Spent $2.4 billion on other illicit drugs Total: $65 billion

24. © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 14-24 The Myth of the Size of the Drug Trade The sale of illicit drugs is enshrouded in myth Although the drug trade is large, it is much smaller than numerous inflated estimates have had it It is not true that people spend more money on drugs than on any other consumer product in existence

25. © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 14-25 The Myth of Market Centralization in the Drug Trade Second myth is that the industry is highly hierarchical, centralized, and organized, much like the Mafia, with one Mr. Big at the helm The truth is that, since the 1970s, the illegal drug trade has been highly decentralized and is becoming increasingly decentralized over time Traffickers from practically every nation or earth are involved in the drug trade

26. © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 14-26 The Myth of the Drug Trade as an Economic Liability The third myth around the economic harm to the nation from illicit drug use, more specifically, the fact that Schedule I drugs represent an unmixed deficit to the economy The fact is, drug sales support an industry more or less identical to all other industries, regardless of whether they are legal or illegal

27. © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 14-27 The Myth of the Drug Trade as an Economic Liability The drug trade not only supports the people who work for it but also those who work for the legal sector of the economy that drug workers patronize Being workers in practically every industry on earth The obliteration of the drug industry would wipe out these jobs in exactly the same way that the demise of the corn, coffee, automobile, or computer industry world

28. © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 14-28 Where Do Drugs Come From? Pure Agricultural Model = a pattern of drug distribution that applies to substances grown and harvested from plants that contain drugs, requiring little or no preparation or transformation; applies mainly to marijuana and opium Pure Chemical Model = a pattern of drug distribution that applies to substances produced entirely in the lab; examples: Ecstasy, LSD, methamphetamine Mixed Model = a pattern of drug distribution involving both growing a drug-bearing plant in an agricultural setting and chemically extracting its drug for distribution and sale

29. © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 14-29 Where Do Drugs Come From: Heroin Golden Triangle = the area of Southern Asia in which opium poppies grow; includes Northern Burma (Myanmar), Laos, and Thailand Golden Crescent = a region of Western Asia in which opium poppies are grown; includes Northern Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and India Today, heroin in the U.S. either comes from Mexico (39%) or South America (58%) Worldwide: most originates from Afghanistan

30. © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 14-30 Where Do Drugs Come From: Cocaine Nearly all the cocaine consumed in the United States comes from South America Perhaps 90 percent of that comes specifically from Colombia Half – possibly more – of the Colombian cocaine entering the country is smuggled from Mexico

31. © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 14-31 Where Do Drugs Come From: Marijuana At least half of America’s marijuana is grown domestically A quarter comes from Mexico, and the remainder originates from Colombia or other countries Recently, Canadian marijuana has been entering the United States

32. © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 14-32 Where Do Drugs Come From: Methamphetamine Methamphetamine consumed in the United States is likely to come from one of two sources: 1. Large tabs in Mexico run by a centralized organization 2. Small, scattered labs in the United States run mainly by biker gangs in the Southwest In the early years of the twenty-first century, Canada and Southeast Asia have entered the picture as a minor but possibly, in the future, significant source of the drug

33. © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 14-33 Where Do Drugs Come From: Ecstasy Ecstasy is manufactured mainly in Belgium and the Netherlands Some European ecstasy is shipped to Canada or Mexico, then smuggled across the border into the United States MDMA production seems to have launched in the United States

34. © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 14-34 Where Do Drugs Come From: LSD LSD is difficult to manufacture Perhaps as few as a dozen labs in the United States supply nearly all of the LSD consumed in the country Manufactures tend not to involve themselves in distributing the drug, but sell it to a very small number of trusted associates

35. © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 14-35 Factors That Facilitate the Illicit Drug Trade A number of factors have contributed to this explosion of the globalization of the drug trade including: The collapse of the Soviet Union A growing worldwide trend away from government control of the economy and toward economic privatization The worldwide movement toward becoming a borderless world Poverty at the two ends of the distribution chain at least for our two mixed products, heroin and cocaine Weak or corrupt local and federal government

36. © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 14-36 The Street-to-User Transaction: Four Views Views: 1. The Street-Level Economics of Heroin Abuse 2. Delinquent Gangs 3. Selling Crack in El Barrio 4. Class and Ethnic Styles of Dealing

37. © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 14-37 1. The Street-Level Economics of Heroin Abuse The ultimate economic transaction is that which takes place between the street seller and the user Transactions made by heroin abusers provide a look at how drug sales actually take place. Journalists, the public, and even some researchers often have an inflated notion of how much money heroin users, abusers, and addicts spend on their drug

38. © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 14-38 2. Delinquent Gangs While it is true that most juvenile gangs sell illegal drugs, the rank-and-file members of these gangs earn relatively little from such sales – in fact, barely minimum wage Symbolic values probably play a substantial role in their gang participation Improved economic opportunities would draw a high percentage of young male residents of the inner cities away from gang-related drug sales

39. © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 14-39 3. Selling Crack in El Barrio Crack cocaine is widely available and sold in the inner city Participation in the drug trade is, for many of its residents, a symptom of marginalization and alienation The drug trade represents an alternative to the formal economy from which many minority residents feel excluded

40. © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 14-40 4. Class and Ethnic Styles of Dealing Street styles of drug dealing may help explain at least a portion of racial disparities in drug-related arrests The middle-class style entails dealing in private to costumers known to the seller, dealing in large quantities a small number of times, and dealing in locales in which violence rarely or never takes place

41. © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 14-41 4. Class and Ethnic Styles of Dealing The inner-city style entails: Dealing typically to strangers, Dealing small quantities, Dealing in public and semipublic places, Dealing in locations in which violence often takes place Arrest is far more likely to take place under the latter conditions than the former