1. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

2. What is the function of the Respiratory System?

3. Vocabulary #4 1. Respiration The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the cells of the body & the external environment 2. Thoracic cage (rib cage) Consists of the sternum, ribs & costal (rib) cartilages; bound anteriorly by sternum & posteriorly by 12 thoracic vertebrae 3.True ribs Ribs #1-7; attach directly to the sternum through cartilage 4. False ribs Ribs # 8-10; attach indirectly to the sternum through the costal cartilage of the 7 th rib 5. Floating ribs Ribs 11 & 12; have not anterior attachment

4. Vocabulary #4 6. Thoracic vertebrae 12 vertebrae immediately inferior to the cervical vertebrae in the vertebral column 7. Sternum Long, flat bone in middle of anterior chest wall; 3 parts are manubrium, body & xiphoid process 8. Upper respiratory tract Consists of the nasal cavity, oral cavity, pharynx, and larynx 9. Lower respiratory tract Made up of the trachea, and bronchial tree

5. Vocabulary #4 10. Nasal cavity The internal portion of the nose; it warms, filters, and moistens the air we breathe 11. Oral cavity The mouth; another place where breathing can take place 12. Pharynx The throat; extends from the nasal cavity to the larynx and serves as a passageway for both digestive & respiratory systems 13. Larynx Enlargement at the top of the trachea; passageway for air & houses the vocal cords

6. Vocabulary #4 14. Trachea Rigid tube that connects larynx to the bronchial tree; passageway for air & filters air 15. Bronchial Tree Branched tubes that lead from trachea to alveoli; filters air 16. Lungs Soft cone-shaped organs that occupy most of the thoracic cavity; contain air passages, alveoli & blood vessels. Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli of the lungs

7. Number the page 1-6 & fill in blanks (start from the top)

8. Respiratory System Function Supply oxygen (O 2 ) to the cells of the body Eliminate Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 ) from the body

9. The Thoracic Cage (Rib Cage) Rib Cage  True Ribs (1-7)  False Ribs (8-10)  Floating Ribs (11 & 12) Sternum Costal Cartilage Thoracic Vertebrae

10. Structures of Respiration Upper Respiratory Tract  Nasal cavity  Oral cavity  Pharynx  Larynx Lower Respiratory Tract  Trachea  Bronchial tree

11. Upper Respiratory Tract: Pharynx The throat Extends from the nasal cavity to the larynx Serves as a passageway for both digestive & respiratory systems

12. Upper Respiratory Tract: Larynx Enlargement at the top of the trachea Passageway for air Houses the vocal cords

13. Lower Respiratory Tract: Trachea Rigid tube that connects larynx to the bronchial tree Passageway for air Filters air

14. Lower Respiratory Tract: Bronchial Tree Branched tubes that lead from trachea to alveoli Filters air

15. Visceral & Parietal Pleura Visceral pleura covers the lungs Parietal pleura lines the thoracic wall

16. Pleural Cavity Contains a small amount of pleural fluid which has 3 main functions: Lubrication Reducing heat build-up Create surface tension to cause lung to remain against the thoracic wall

17. Mechanics of Respiration Change in thoracic volume Move the ribs Move the diaphragm Air flows from high to low pressure Difference of pressure in the air vs. the alveoli Boyles Law- pressure-volume relationship in gasses.

18. LUNG VOLUMES 1. TIDAL VOLUME (TV) : AMOUNT OF AIR NORMALLY ENTERING & LEAVING LUNGS (~ 500 mL) 2. INSPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME (IRV): AMOUNT OF AIR FORCIBLY INHALED AFTER NORMAL INSPIRATION. (~ 3,000 mL) 3. EXPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME (ERV): AMOUNT OF AIR FORCIBLY EXHALEDAFTER NORMAL EXPIRATION. (~ 1,000 mL) 4. VITAL CAPACITY (VC): LARGEST AMOUNT OF AIR ENTERING & LEAVING LUNGS (~ 5,000 mL) 5. RESIDUAL VOLUME (RV): AIR REMAINING IN LUNGS (ie TRAPPED IN ALVEOLI !!) (~ 1,000 mL)

19. SPIROMETER * DEVICE TO MEASURE LUNG VOLUMES

20. tidal volume

21. Mechanics of Respiration: Change in Thoracic Volume

22. Inspiration Ribs elevate Diaphragm moves down (contracts) Thoracic cavity enlarges Air is pulled into lungs

23. The Thoracic Cage Movement: Inspiration

24. Expiration Ribs move down Diaphragm moves up (relaxes) Thoracic cavity gets smaller Air is pushed out of lungs

25. The Thoracic Cage Movement: Expiration

26. Respiratory Muscles Accessory Sternocleidomastoid Scalenes Principal External intercostals Internal intercostals Diaphragm Quiet breathing Active breathing Internal intercostals Rectus abdominis Internal/external obliques

27. Respiratory System Pathway Oxygen travels from nose/mouth to: Pharynx (throat) Larynx (vocal chords) Trachea Bronchial Tree Alveoli At Alveoli oxygen (O 2 ) diffuses into bloodstream & attaches to red blood cells O 2 travels to cells of the body Energy is created & CO 2 is the waste product CO 2 attaches to the red blood cells & travels back to the lungs CO 2 diffuses back into the alveoli of the lungs CO 2 travels from alveoli to: Bronchial tree Trachea Larynx Pharynx Nose/Mouth Breathe out CO 2 … Breathe in O 2 …

28. Systemic Blood Flow

29. Effects of Elevation on Respiration Whether at sea level or on a high mountain the atmosphere holds about 21% O 2 When elevation increases atmospheric pressure decreases (O 2 molecules farther apart) At high elevations each breath brings in only half the number of O 2 molecules (lungs work twice as hard) Body responds by: Increasing number of red blood cells to carry O 2 Increase production of enzyme that transfers O 2 to tissues Elevation training due to adaptions

30. Effects of Exercise on Respiration Improves your Vital capacity (TV + IRV + ERV) Greater movement of air through the lungs Diaphragm and the intercostal muscles get stronger which helps to increase chest size Increases blood flow to your lungs (allowing the lungs to deliver more oxygen into the blood) More capillaries are formed around the alveoli so that more gas exchange can take place

31. Respiratory Disorders: Pneumonia Lung inflammation Mechanism Bacterial, viral, or fungal infection Signs & Symptoms Flu-like symptoms Cough Fever Shortness of breath Chest pain Headache Fatigue Care Antibiotics Antivirals Fever reducers (acetaminophen commonly known as Tylenol) Cough medication Rest w/plenty of fluids

32. Respiratory Disorders: Sleep Apnea Sleeping disorder Mechanism Abnormal pauses in breathing or abnormally low breathing during sleep depriving body of oxygen Signs & Symptoms Daytime fatigue Insomnia Poor concentration/attention Memory problems Anxiety Irritability Headaches Care Non surgical Weight loss Stop smoking CPAP (continuous positive airway pressure) mask Surgical Tissue removal

33. Respiratory Disorders: Hiccups Mechanism Diaphragm spasms taking in air Intake of air stopped by closure of the vocal cords (glottis) Caused by: Eating too much food too quickly Drinking too much alcohol Swallowing too much air Smoking Emotional stress or excitement Care Holding breath Breathing into paper bag Drinking a glass of water

34. Respiratory Disorders: Strep Throat Pharyngitis (inflammation of the pharynx) Mechanism Streptococcus bacteria Sign & Symptoms Fever Sore throat Headache Nausea Care Antibiotics Rest Gargle with warm salt water Over the counter pain medication such as Tylenol (Acetaminophen)