1. Beyond PubMed – Making the Most of Google Power Searching & Grey Literature Philip J. Gregory, PharmD, MS, FACN Director, Center for Drug Information & Evidence-Based Practice Creighton University March 5, 2016

2. Disclosures Consultant Therapeutic Research Center

3. Learning Objectives Differentiate grey literature from other types of literature. Identify sources of grey literature. Describe the Google-PubMed search triad and how it can be applied to find drug information. Implement Google Power Searching techniques to identify drug information.

4. Grey Literature Literature that isn’t in a book, journal, or published newsletter Not controlled by commercial publishing Governmental publications Academic / Business / organizational documents Print or electronic formats 4 th International Conference on Grey Literature, 1999

5. Grey Literature – Examples Conference abstracts, posters, proceedings Hospital protocols, reports, monographs Governmental reports and documents Theses, Dissertations Listserv communications Social media or personal communications

6. Grey Literature – Where can you find it? Specialty databases International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (IPA) Web of Science Guidelines.gov / Clinicaltrials.gov Many others Institutional Repositories Organizational websites Search engines (e.g., Google, Bing)

7. Grey Literature – You’re already using it Drug manufacturer data Package insert / data on file Medical information communications FDA documents Safety alerts / recalls Orange book, Purple book Drugs@FDA Hospital Protocols PRN Communications

8. Grey Literature – You’re already using it Organizational websites Treatment guidelines Health statistics Position papers CDC website Immunization schedules Guidelines / statistics

9. Some favorites… VA Pharmacy Benefits Management Services (www.pbm.va.gov/PBM/)

10. Some favorites… FDAble (www.fdable.com)

11. Some favorites… Canada Vigilance Adverse Reaction Database (webprod3.hc-sc.gc.ca/arquery-rechercheei/index-eng.jsp)

12. Some favorites… AHRQ Evidence-Based Practice Center Reports (http://www.ahrq.gov/research/findings/evidence-based- reports/a-z/index.html)

13. Grey Literature Advantages Abundant Complementary to published literature Fills in gaps Cutting edge data Decrease publication bias Pulse of the community Currency Low-cost

14. Grey Literature Limitations Lack of peer review or quality control Disorganized Varied formats Agenda of mission-based organizational publications Currency

15. INCORPORATING GREY LITERATURE Answering Drug information Questions

16. Search Triad PubMedGoogle Google Scholar Focused Review Literature Search Focused Specialty Resource Search What is the role of triple antithrombotic therapy? Guidelines -Guidelines -Reviews -Trials Protocols -Protocols Guidelines -Guidelines Reports (AHRQ) -Reports (AHRQ) Guidelines -Guidelines -Reviews -Trials UptoDate DynaMed -Pharmacist’s Letter Guidelines Known Guidelines (CHEST, ACC/AHA)

17. Search Triad PubMedGoogle ScholarGoogle Precision search Controlled vocabulary Extensive filters Known journal index Grey literature access Search flexibility Natural vocabulary Full-text search Broad literature coverage Limited advanced search More grey literature access Search flexibility Natural vocabulary Full-text search Questionable sources Limited advanced search Extensive grey literature access

18. PubMed vs. Google Scholar P=0.07 P<0.001 Shariff SZ, et al. J Med Internet Res 2013;15(8):e164

19. PubMed vs. Google Scholar Nourbakhse E, et al. Health Info Libr J 2012;29(3):214-22. P<0.0001 P=0.036 P=0.116

20. PubMed vs. Google Scholar Anders ME, et al. Respir Care 2010;55(5):578-83 P<0.001 P=0.87 P=0.44

21. Google Power Searching Maximizing Google search features to find relevant drug information Primary literature, review literature, grey literature Advanced Search Search operators Review top 50-100 hits

22. Google Power Searching Filetype: Find articles of specific file types Example: filetype:pdf filetype:doc filetype:ppt

23. Google Power Searching Site: Find content from specific sites Example: Site:.org Site:.gov Site:.edu Site: accp.com

24. Google Power Searching Intitle: and allintitle: Narrow search findings to title only Example: Intitle: therapeutic interchange allintitle:ondansetron safety pregnancy nausea

25. Google Power Searching Related: Finds websites with similar content Related:cdc.gov Related:cebm.net

26. Google Power Searching Other Tools “Word” – turns off spell check and synonym search “Search phrase” – forces specific order of words "bulk drug storage" expiration - to eliminate a word from search results “Triple antithrombotic therapy” -”atrial fibrillation”

27. Case How should vancomycin be dosed for sepsis in patients on dialysis? filetype:pdf vancomycin sepsis dialysis

30. Case Does ginger increase the risk of bleeding in patients taking antiplatelet or anticoagulant drugs? Site:.gov ginger “bleeding” -ulcer

31. Case

32. http://www.powersearchingwithgoogle.com/

33. Grey Literature Resources About Grey Literature Grey Literature Report (www.greylit.org)www.greylit.org Grey Matters (www.cadth.ca/resources/finding-evidence/grey- matters-practical-search-tool-evidence-based-medicine)www.cadth.ca/resources/finding-evidence/grey- matters-practical-search-tool-evidence-based-medicine OpenGrey (www.opengrey.eu/)www.opengrey.eu/ GreyNet International (www.greynet.org/)www.greynet.org/

34. Philip J. Gregory, PharmD, MS, FACN Director, Center for Drug Information & Evidence-Based Practice Creighton University pgregory@creighton.edu

35. Assessment Question Which is an example of grey literature (select all that apply)? A.An article in AJHP B.Prescription drug prescribing information C.Pharmacotherapy textbook D.The FDA Orange Book

36. Assessment Question Identify sources of grey literature (select all that apply): A.CDC.gov B.AHRQ.gov C.Journal of Clinical Toxicology D.Google

37. Assessment Question Which represents the components of the Google- PubMed Triad? A.Google, FDA, PubMed B.Guidelines, Google, UptoDate C.Guidelines, Google Scholar, PubMed D.PubMed, Google, Google Scholar

38. Assessment Question Which Google search operator could be used to find “PDF” documents? A.Filetype:.pdf B.Articletype:.pdf C.Site:.pdf D.“PDF”