1. ■ Regionalism and the Emerging World Order: Sovereignty, Autonomy, Identity Sovereignty, Autonomy, Identity ■ Regionalism in Historical Perspective Week 9 April 27, 2005 Cho, Yong-Kyu Regionalism and Regional Integration 1

2. Table of Contents I. Definition II. Regionalism and the Emerging World Order: Sovereignty, Autonomy, Identity ■ Sovereignty and Regionalism after the Second World War ■ Transition from Sovereignty-bound regionalism ■ Intrusive Regionalism: Possibilities and Limits ■ Prospects for World Order: post-Westphalian Order? III. Regionalism in Historical Perspective ■ A brief History and Origins of New Regionalism ■ Some Common Objections IV. Considerations 2

3. I. Definition ■ Regionalism - on the increase (Optimists and Pessimists) - ‘ the formation of interstate groupings on the basis of regions ’ # an int ’ l region ; ‘ a limited number of states linked together by geographical relationship and by a degree of mutual interdependence ’ (Joseph Nye) ■ Intrusive Regionalism - as a framework that calls for closer interaction among members of a regional group, including mutual receptivity to early warnings about domestic developments with transnational consequences, and cooperation against such commonly faced dangers even though such cooperation may intrude into the domestic affairs of member states 3

4. ■ The role of regionalism as a bulwark of sovereignty (early part of the post-WWII period) - A non-aligned Third World community - The UN-based collective security framework ; Primary purpose → to protect state sovereignty ; Universalists vs. Regionalists (UN vs. Regional Organizations) - The Cold War → limited role of the UN - The non-interference doctrine → the limitations of the conflict-regulative role of regionalism ■ The emergence of sub-regional framework for security (second half of the Cold War) - Remained bound by the principle of sovereignty and non-interference - Integrative regionalism (Western Europe) ; to overcome sovereignty trap/security dilemma → premature Sovereignty and Regionalism after the Second World War II. Regionalism and the Emerging World Order 4

5. Transition from Sovereignty-bound regionalism ① The incremental success of CSCE (OSCE) (during the 1980s) - Extensive menu of Conference-and Security-Building Measures (CSBMs) - Incorporated human rights issues into the regional confidence-building agenda ② The revival of the EU ’ s integrative ambitions - Outside of Europe; ; informal factor, regionalization without regionalism, ‘ soft regionalism ’ (APEC) ③ New regionalism (vs. Old regionalism) - Multipolar context, autonomous (within/below), comprehensiveness and multidimensional nature - Serious doubts about the future of the liberal Int ’ l order (1980s) → a revival of interest in regional economic integration in the Third World - Emergence of nascent regional civil societies around world ④ The collapse of bipolarity - Need for devising new principles and ways to organize regional interactions - European regionalism → an increasingly intrusive character ; Regional identity - market capitalism, human rights, and liberal democracy - ASEAN → ‘ ASEAN Way ’, ‘ Asian values ’ ↔ European-style regionalism II. Regionalism and the Emerging World Order 5

6. Intrusive Regionalism: Possibilities and Limits ■ Integrative regionalism → regional integration theorists in the context of the EEC → consent and active participation of member states (voluntary concessions on sovereignty to realize collective goals) ■ Sovereignty trap ① Superpower-led regional alliances ② Regional conflict control organizations ③ Regional economic groupings (The EEC; limited exception) Pro-SovereigntyRegionalismPro-SovereigntyRegionalismIntrusiveRegionalismIntrusiveRegionalism ■ Intrusive regionalism → not always based on consent, and a coercive element → the practice of humanitarian intervention, regional human rights monitoring bodies (OSCE as the inventor/UN/NATO) ■ Outside of Europe → limited progress in terms of democracy and human rights (OAS/OAU) → ASEAN Surveillance Process (flexible engagement ← Asian crisis) II. Regionalism and the Emerging World Order 6

7. Intrusive Regionalism: Possibilities and Limits Norms of Intrusive Regionalism Norms of Intrusive Regionalism Security Community Collective Identity ■ Through a deepening and widening of multilateral political and security institutions and approaches → in Europe and Latin America (to a lesser extent) - ASEAN; the advent of intrusive economic regionalism, if backed by incremental democratization, → stronger and durable ■ The pacific effects of intrusive regionalism? - Lack of collective purpose, agreed norms etc. → highly destabilizing * In Southeast Asia, lack of intrusive regionalism → regional order * In Gulf, deviation from the doctrine of non-interference in the post-1990 period → weakening of regional order - Potential to fuel inter-regional discord and exceptionalism/exclusionism II. Regionalism and the Emerging World Order 7

8. Clash? Sovereignty - bound Sovereignty ■ Globalization and changing int ’ l norms concerning humanitarian intervention - In economic sphere, macro-economic surveillance and financial monitoring - In political sphere, development and mutual observance of norms against human rights abuses and democratic crackdowns (in Africa/Latin America, development of human rights bodies, and mechanisms of humanitarian military intervention (NATO) ■ Positive aspects - Fostering human rights, democracy, and common/cooperative security ■ Dangers and limitations - Without multilateral norms → intra-regional polarization/inter-regional conflict IntrusiveIntrusive Prospects for World Order: post-Westphalian Order? II. Regionalism and the Emerging World Order 8

9. Regionalism (1960s)Regionalism New Regionalism (1990s) New Regionalism (1990s) ■ Cold War Period - Bipolar Nature of Int ’ l System - Sovereignty - Realist/Neorealist Thinking ■ More favorable environments The end of the Cold War - The end of the Cold War * New attitudes toward Int ’ l co-operation (UN and Regional organizations) * Decentralization of the Int ’ l system (independence/vulnerability/marginalization) Economic changes - Economic changes * Economic marginalization (the European project/Globalization) The end of Third Worldism? - The end of Third Worldism? (disparity in terms of wealth and power) Democratization - Democratization (political stability/representative institutions) A brief History and Origins III. Regionalism in Historical Perspective 9

10. Some Common Objections ■ The European Community ’ s failure in dealing with civil war ■ The End of Great Power Rivalries? - The prevalence of conflict in the post-Cold War era - The continuing dependence of weaker states on external security guarantees ■ The greater autonomy of regional actors: Always benign consequences? - Increase in regional conflicts (ethnic, religious, and nationalistic origin) - Aspiring new hegemons ↔ Consensus building ■ The reality in much of the Third World - Nation building, promoting political stability or economic development - Emphasis on national autonomy - Strong national interests → The absence of collective solidarity - Much scepticism in democratization process III. Regionalism in Historical Perspective 10

11. Consideration One Generalization? EuropeanIntegrationEuropeanIntegrationRegionalIntegrationRegionalIntegration Why only Europe? Pluralistic social structure Economic development Ideological homogenization among participants IV. Considerations 11

12. Security Mechanism BalanceOfPowerBalanceOfPowerCSCE-styleCSCE-style New World Order? Why not CSCE-style security regime in NEA to overcome Security Dilemma? (Comprehensive security, diffuse reciprocity, and interaction b/t institution and agencies) South Korea and its role as balancer? (Prospects of S.Korea-US alliance?) Consideration Two IV. Considerations 12

13. Relationship? DemocracyDemocracyCo-operationCo-operation Intrusive Regionalism? Democratic states are better able to cooperate with one another (Open and Transparent political system) Consideration Three IV. Considerations 13

14. Really different? Regionalism(1960s)Regionalism(1960s)Regionalism(1990s)Regionalism(1990s) Regionalism in 1990s is more durable? Consideration Four IV. Considerations 14

15. Self-interested? StatesStatesRegionalismRegionalism Why states pursue regionalism? Functionalism/Neo-functionalismRealist/Liberalism/Constructivism Consideration Five IV. Considerations 15

16. Justifiable? HumanRights(Norm)HumanRights(Norm)Sovereignty(Norm)Sovereignty(Norm) Under What Conditions? Consideration Six IV. Considerations 16 Non-intervention Non-use of force