1. Lecturer: Miljen Matijašević e-mail: miljen.matijasevic@gmail.commiljen.matijasevic@gmail.com Session 2

2. 1. Essay comments 2. Verb forms revision / Narrative 3. Paraphrasing and Summarising

3. Common mistakes

4. What’s wrong with these sentences? 1. Everything you wanna know you can google and find out in a couple of minutes. 2. I think the biggest disadvantage of having smartphone is that kids don't play anymore on playgrounds. 3. In generally, people talk less, they don't hang out and socialize. 4. Everything what we have to do have some kind of deadline. 5. Follows from it, we can also communicate for free. 6. Disadvantage is very bad literacy. 7. Parents to calm kids down, give them phones to play and be in silence. 8. In my opinion, pros of free higher education is that it gives better acess to education for general population with focus on poor people. 9. If higher education is being paid, people who can not affort it, can never acces it unless they take crumblesome student loans and go in to debt which they have to pay off in further years.

5. What’s wrong with these sentences? 1. Everything you wish to know can be found very quickly using search engines. 2. I think the biggest disadvantage of having a smartphone is that children no longer play with other children on playgrounds. 3. People overall spend less time in conversation and socializing. 4. Everything we have to do has some kind of deadline. 5. In addition, we can communicate for free. 6. A negative consequence is poor/low literacy. 7. In order to calm them down/keep them quiet, parents give them phones to play with. 8. In my opinion, an advantage of free higher education is that it gives better access to education for the general population, which is particularly positive for people of low economic status. 9. If higher education is paid, people who cannot afford it are forced to take burdensome student loans which they have to pay off for many years.

6. What’s wrong with these sentences? 10. Giving free higher education to everybody rises question of financing. 11. They don't talk like before. 12. Moreover, they are multipractical and can be used for a lot of stuff like data storage. 13. This argument some people consider as a disadvantage, claiming that all this apps and games are making people addicted to their smartphones. 14. Children almost don't play outdoors. 15. Everyone should decide for himself should he or shouldn't he use smartphones. 16. The question we are going to discuss is how do they impact on us? 17. One of advantages of free higher education is easier access to better jobs in job market. 18. You can contact whomever you want, no matter is he/she on the other side of the planet.

7. What’s wrong with these sentences? 10. Giving free higher education to everybody raises the question of financing. 11. There is considerably less oral communication. 12. Moreover, they serve many purposes, such as data storage. 13. Some people consider this as a disadvantage, claiming that all these apps and games are making people addicted to their smartphones. 14. Children hardly ever play outdoors anymore. 15. Everyone should decide for themselves whether or not they should use smartphones. 16. The question we are going to discuss is: how do they affect us? 17. An advantage of free higher education is easier access to better jobs in the job market. 18. You can contact whomever you want, even if they are on the other side of the planet.

8. Common mistakes WILL vs. WOULD WILL for future facts or predictions Unemployment will continue to rise in the following period. WOULD for hypothetical situations, such as free higher education for all Students would not have to work in order to pay for tuition. There would be less stress for students. Formation of the Second Conditional If high education is / was / will be / were / would be free, there will be / would be too many students. If high education WERE free, there WOULD BE too many students. Use of modal verbs Modals MAY and MIGHT remove the necessity of using the word ‘maybe’ If high education were free, some students maybe will enrol only to avoid working. If high education were free, some students might enrol only to avoid working.

9. Common mistakes Countable and uncountable nouns (less!) Less + uncountable noun (less money) Fewer + countable noun (fewer problems) Contracted forms (isn’t, I’ll, won’t, wouldn’t, etc.) Unacceptable in formal writing – use full forms instead (is not, I will/shall, will not, would not etc.) Inappropriate choice of words (style or register) pros and cons, stuff, kids, etc. Advantages and disadvantages, arguments in favour / against, benefits and drawbacks, etc. stuff – things, activities, interests, etc.

10. Common mistakes Enumerating arguments First, second, third, etc. - informal Firstly, secondly, thirdly, etc. – formal (better!) Firstly, then, in addition, also, etc. Presenting opposing arguments On one side – on the other side On the one hand – on the other hand / - On the other hand, conversely (not on the contrary!!), however, etc.

11. Commonly misused words No matter / regardless No matter how much they earn Regardless of their income Avoiding marked words Poor people; rich parents Financially disadvantaged, low economic status; well- off, wealthy, affluent

13. Make these sentences better There’s a lot of people who wanted to study something and be high educated but they couldn’t because they couldn’t afford it, so in that way free higher education for all would be good. Arguments that go in favour are more higher educated people which could led to higher life standards and less poor people.

14. Make these sentences better There’s a lot of people who wanted to study something and be high educated but they couldn’t because they couldn’t afford it, so in that way free higher education for all would be good. There are a lot of people who wish to get a university education but cannot afford it. For this reason, free higher education for all would be a good idea. Arguments that go in favour are more higher educated people which could led to higher life standards and less poor people. An argument in favour is that having more people with university education/a university degree could/might lead to a higher standard of living and less poverty.

15. Make these sentences better Also, more people will have a chance to study because of availability of higher education. Also, maybe some people will go to college just to get student rights like health insurance.

16. Make these sentences better Also, more people will have a chance to study because of availability of higher education. Also, more people would have a chance to study because of accessibility of higher education. Also, maybe some people will go to college just to get student rights like health insurance. In addition, some people might go to/enrol in college only to obtain student benefits, such as health insurance.

17. Make these sentences better Also, good side of free higher education is that will maybe help to increase a social mobility. Everybody are pointing out easier access to higher education, no matter of their incomes, as an pro.

18. Make these sentences better Also, good side of free higher education is that will maybe help to increase a social mobility. Another benefit of free higher education is that it might help increase social mobility. Everybody are pointing out easier access to higher education, no matter of their incomes, as an pro. Everybody is pointing out (the benefit of) easier access to higher education for all, regardless of their income (as an argument in favour).

19. Narrative

20. Verb forms TENSEAUXILIARY VERBMAIN VERB FORM SIMPLE Present(DO) do, does (in Qs and negatives) Infinitive (+s 3rd person) Past(DO) did (in Qs and negatives) Past (-ed) / Infinitive CONTINUOUS PresentBE – am, is, are-ing PastBE – was, were-ing PERFECT PresentHAVE – have, hasPast participle PastHAVE – hadPast participle Present Perfect Cont.HAVE/HAS BEEN-ing Past Perfect ContinuousHAD BEEN-ing

21. Verb forms THE PASSIVE E.g. She is respected by her students. I have been asked to tell you my story. Education should be paid by the government. to BEMAIN VERB any tense (e.g. am, has been, will be) past participle

22. Verb forms MODAL VERBS E.g. You may have heard about this issue. The authorities should be solving this problem as we speak. MODAL VERBMAIN VERB will, might, may, can, could, should, would, must, have to, ought to Simple infinitive (without ‘to’) Continuous infinitive (e.g. be expecting) Perfect infinitive (e.g. have seen)

23. I ___________ (be) interested in public speaking for a number of years, and I __________ (consider) by my friends to be quite a good speaker. A few days ago, I __________ (ask) a friend to take me to a public debate. For two whole days, I __________ (look) forward to it. Unfortunately, while I _________ (drive) to the club, my car ___________ (break down), and I __________ (must) take a taxi. I __________ (arrive) just as the chairman __________ (open) the meeting. I __________ (apologize), and at the end of the evening, explained to the chairman what _________ (happen.) Verb forms – practice

24. I HAVE BEEN interested in public speaking for a number of years, and I AM CONSIDERED by my friends to be quite a good speaker. A few days ago, I ASKED a friend to take me to a public debate. For two whole days, I HAD BEEN LOOKING forward to it. Unfortunately, while I WAS DRIVING to the club, my car BROKE DOWN, and I HAD TO take a taxi. I ARRIVED just as the chairman WAS OPENING the meeting. I APOLOGIZED, and at the end of the evening, explained to the chairman what HAD HAPPENED. What tenses were used in this story? Verb forms – practice

25. Narrative

26. 1. Fill the gaps in the text about the United Nations. Discuss the verb forms

27. Paraphrasing and Summarising Why is it important to be able to paraphrase and summarise? Paraphrasing can be done in several ways: by changing the vocabulary by changing the verb form (active to passive) by changing the word class by synthesis Stage 1 exercises