1. Islam

3. 1. Setting the Stage: The Arabian Peninsula a. Connection to 3 Continents i.Africa, Asia, and Europe ii.Mostly desert with few oases for little agriculture iii.Desert inhabited by nomadic Arab herders

4. b. Bedouins: Arab nomads organized into tribes and clans i.Had ideals of courage & loyalty to the family ii.Possessed warrior skills iii.Would become part of Islamic way of life

5. c. Mecca: City in Western Arabia (Modern day Saudi Arabia) i.Ka’aba: ancient shrine people came to worship at 1.Black stone- built by Abraham and son Ishmael 2.Contained 360 idols worshipped by many tribes

8. ii.Muhammad 1.Orphaned at age 6 and raised by grandfather and uncle 2.At age 25 Muhammad became a businessman and trader 3.Married Khadijah, a businesswoman 4.Life changes: While meditating in a cave, he is visited by angel Gabriel who proclaims to Muhammad to preach message that there is only one true god 5.Began to preach and spread Islam 6.Not seen as divine (having extra power)

9.  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D1YfxUQ rN9A http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D1YfxUQ rN9A

10.  Islam: Submission to will of Allah (god)  Muslim: One who has submitted

12. iii.Hijrah & Return to Mecca 1.in 622 AD, Mohammad and followers leave Mecca for Medina and continue to spread Islam known as the Hijrah 2.Hijrah, becomes “year 1” for Muslims 3.First mosque (place of worhsip) established for Islam 4.630 AD, Muhammad returns to Mecca and destroys the idols in the Ka’aba 5.Ka’aba becomes the most sacred site in Islam 6.Muhammad dies 2 years later at age of 62

14.  1. Belief in One God  2. Belief in Angels  3. Belief in God’s Revealed Books (Torah, Bible, and the Holy Quran)  4. Belief in the Prophets and Messengers of God (some examples: Abraham, Noah, Jesus, Moses, and Muhammad)  5. Belief in the Day of Judgment  6. Belief in Divine Predestination

16. 1. Five Pillars a. Faith: There is no god but Allah and Muhammad is the messenger of Allah b. Prayer: Pray 5 times a day towards Mecca c. Alms: Give alms (money for the poor) d. Fasting: During holy month of Ramadan, Muslims fast between dawn and sunset e. Pilgrimage: Must visit Mecca at one point in lifetime if capable. Known as the Hajj.

17. 2. The Qur’an a. Allah is the source of authority b. Written in Arabic, only true version c. Ulama (Muslim scholars) d. Shari’ah (law code) (consists of Quran and teachings of the Prophet) e. Hadith (collection of sayings from the Prophet) Strict behavioral requirements

18. 3. Links to Judaism and Christianity a. To Muslims, Allah is the same god that is worshipped in Christianity and Judaism b. Muslims view Jesus as a prophet, not the Son of God c. Qur’an is the word of Allah as revealed to Muhammad in the same way that Jews and Christians believe the Torah and the Gospels were revealed to Moses and the New Testament writers. d. All three religions believe in heaven and hell and day of judgement e. Muslims, Christians, and Jews trace ancestry back to Abraham f. All three are “people of the book” due to their use of a holy book

19.  Abu Bakr, Muhammad’s father-in-law succeeds Muhammad  Creation of an Empire  After Arabs united, jihad directed at neighboring peoples  Possible explanations for rapid expansion ▪ Prolonged drought on the Arabian peninsula ▪ Desire of Islam’s leaders to channel the energies of their new converts ▪ Planned by the ruling elites of Mecca to extend their trade routes and bring surplus-producing regions under their control ▪ Administration was generally tolerant

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21.  Challenge to Abu Bakr’s selection as first caliph (Abu Bakr died naturally)  Umar succeeded Abu Bakr (Umar assassinated 644)  Uthman succeeded Umar in 656, but was assassinated  Muhammad Ali (656-661), assassinated in 661  Mu’awiyah became caliph in 661  Made his own family, the Umayyads, hereditary rulers  Beginning of the eighth century new attacks launched by Arab armies  Tariq, 710, crossed into Spain (most of Iberian Peninsula became part of Muslim state)  Battle of Tours, 732 (Muslims lost to Charles Martel)  Constantinople attacked and Muslim fleet defeated, 717  Succession Problems  Shi’ites and Sunnis  Revolt led by Abu al-Abbas in 750 leads to overthrow of Umayyads and establishment of Abbasid dynasty

22.  Constantinople attacked and Muslim fleet defeated, 717  Succession Problems  Shi’ites and Sunnis ▪ Shi’ites (party of Ali-believe caliphs should always be related to the Porphet) ▪ Were not happy with the lifestyle of the Ummayyad and wanted to break away; fought against them, but lost ▪ Sunni (caliph does not need to be related to Prophet)  Revolt led by Abu al-Abbas (descended of Muhammad’s uncle) in 750 leads to overthrow of Umayyads and establishment of Abbasid dynasty

23. ©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license.