1. Exam Review - Within 1 grade of your target = good - Questions done well: China One Child Policy – much more detail than previous case studies Migration – answered very well. Try to write in prose rather than use tables. -Questions needing more work: Explain why the rate of natural increase in poor countries such as Indonesia is falling. Rate is keyword here – rate of natural increase is birth rate – death rate. Falling RNI = less births and less deaths. Most got it the wrong way round. What features of your 2030 population pyramid are typical of a country in the later stages of the DTM. Features is keyword so talk about shape and explain what the shape means.

2. The Glacial Budget Key Idea: The amount of ice depends on the glacial budget. This has seen a loss since 1950 and there are seasonal changes due to fluctuations in temperature. Specification Focus: Glacial budget: accumulation and ablation, advance and retreat. Case study of a glacier – recent retreat since nineteenth century: causes and evidence. Seasonal shifts in temperature and glaciers.

3. Recap In the modern world about (10%/30%) of land area (roughly 15,000,000 square kilometres) is covered by glaciers, but during the last Ice Age glaciers covered about 32%of the total land area. There were (7/4) ice sheets in the northern hemisphere during the last ice age. The last ice age ended about (18,000/10,000) years ago. Today glaciers are found in the (high/low) latitudes and at (high/low) altitude. (29/99%) of modern glacial ice is located in the Arctic and Antarctic. Over long periods of time there are regular temperature fluctuations of 5°c to 6 °c. These fluctuations led to cold phases (_______________) and warm phases (_______________). One of those causes of these fluctuations are changes in the Earth’s orbit called (______________)

4. How do we get a glacier? Neve

5. How do we get a glacier?

6. a. The residual snow settles, becoming more compact and dense. b. The great weight of the top layers compacts the deep layers. c. Snow falls. d. Annual snow accumulation far exceeds the annual snowmelt. e. Compacted snow freezes together and creates sheets of ice. f. The number of layers increases. C, D, A, F, B, E

7. Glaciers are a system INPUTS (things that make the glacier bigger) Precipitation (snow) Avalanches OUTPUTS (things that make the glacier get smaller) Ablation (melting) Sublimation & Evaporation Calving

8. The Glacial Budget Inputs = Outputs = Glacier is stable (doesn’t move) Inputs > Outputs = Glacier advances (gets bigger, moves lower) Inputs < Outputs = Glacier retreats (gets smaller, ends higher) A positive glacial budget = advancing glacier A negative glacial budget = retreating glacier The Glacial budget varies between seasons

9. The Glacial Budget can tell you about the climate. Video How do glaciers show us what the climate is like? Why are glaciers good at showing what the climate is like? What have glaciers told us about the climate over the last 60 years?

10. Task -Read through pages 126-127 - Copy diagram B. Is the glacier in the diagram retreating, advancing or stable? Why? - Do activities 1, 2 (except d) and 3. Answer in full sentences where possible. Make sure you label questions 2&3 as being about the South Cascade Glacier. -Answer these questions: a. What conditions must exist for a glacier to form? b. How does snow change into glacial ice? c. What conditions are needed before a glacier will start to move? d. What is meant by Zones of accumulation and ablation, and how do these zones control the apparent movement of the glacier ? Case Study: Aletsch Glacier, Switzerland Make a fact-file to include: length of glacier, location, depth, speed of movement and describe how the glacier has changed in size since 1850. Use wikipedia to find the information.

11. Case Study : Jakobshawn, Greenland - First watch the video on this page: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/sciencenow/3210/03.html -Then watch this video: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/sciencenow/3210/nn- video.html (chose Windows Media) - There is also a slideshow with information about the glacier - http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/sciencenow/3210/nn-video-flash.html http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/sciencenow/3210/nn-video-flash.html Using what you have just learnt, answer the following questions: Describe the changes in the size and features of the glacier. What is the likely cause of these changes? What are the possible implications of these changes?

12. When a glacier gets bigger.

13. A glacier losing mass by the ice turning into a gas without going through the liquid phase.

14. The balance between glacial inputs and outputs – can be shown on a graph.

15. When a glacier gets smaller.

16. Our case study in the Alps.

17. A type of ice, that is made up of snow that has survived at least one summer season.

18. Our case study from the textbook, located in the USA.

19. The proper term for snow fall.

20. When ice bergs form at the end of a glacier.

21. The wastage of a glacier by sublimation and, primarily, melting.

22. The word for all glacial inputs.

23. A period of thousands of years which is characterised by warm global temperatures and glacial retreat.

24. The South Cascade Glacier is a _______ glacier, which has been monitored for over ___ years.

25. Area of a glacier where melting occurs.

26. A period of thousands of years which is characterised by low global temperatures and glacial advance.

27. Area of a glacier where snow is added via precipitation.