1. History 171D The United States and the World Since 1945

2. The Early Years of the Cold War

3. Prof. Fredrik Logevall Cornell University Wednesday, April 10, 4 pm McCune Conference Room (HSSB 6020) Embers of War The Fall of an Empire and the Making of America’s Vietnam Extra Credit Opportunity!

5. The Early Years of the Cold War

6. Situation by fall of 1945: Germany and Japan totally defeated in WWII

7. Situation by fall of 1945: Germany and Japan totally defeated in WWII

8. Situation by fall of 1945: US sole possessor of atom bomb

9. Situation by fall of 1945: Germany under US, British, French, and Soviet occupation

10. Situation by fall of 1945: Eastern Europe under Soviet occupation

11. Situation by fall of 1945: Joseph Stalin of USSR was starting to renege on pledge made at Yalta Conference (Feb 1945) to allow Eastern Europe to develop democratically

12. April 1945— Roosevelt died and was succeeded by Harry Truman

13. Summer 1945—United Nations launched in San Franciso

14. Disagreement among Germany’s occupiers

15. Stalin’s February 1946 speech

16. February 1946— George Kennan sent “Long Telegram” to Washington

17. Kennan’s message further refined in “X Article” in Foreign Affairs, 1947— “containment doctrine”

18. March 1946—Former British prime minister Winston Churchill delivered “Iron Curtain” speech

19. 1946—US proposed, and USSR rejected, Baruch Plan Bernard Baruch

20. Early Cold War crises in Middle and Near East

22. Early Cold War crises in Middle and Near East: Ahmed QavamJoseph Stalin Iran crisis, 1946

23. Early Cold War crises in Middle and Near East: Turkish Straits crisis, 1946 USS Missouri

24. Early Cold War crises in Middle and Near East: Turkish and Greek crises, 1947 Greek civil war

25. Early Cold War crises in Middle and Near East:... leading to Truman Doctrine, 1947

26. Severe economic crisis in Western Europe, 1946-1947

28. 1947—Secretary of State George Marshall proposed “Marshall Plan” for recovery of Europe

29. 1947—Secretary of State George Marshall proposed “Marshall Plan” for recovery of Europe Marshall Plan was rejected by Soviet and Eastern European governments

30. 1948-1952— Marshall Plan totaled $13.5 billion

31. 1948— In Italian elections, Palmiro Togliatti (Communist) ran against PM Alcide De Gasperi (Christian Democrat) Togliatti De Gasperi

32. Roscoe Hillenkoetter, first CIA director

33. 1948— In Italian elections, Palmiro Togliatti (Communist) ran against PM Alcide De Gasperi (Christian Democrat) Togliatti De Gasperi

34. 1948— In Italian elections, Palmiro Togliatti (Communist) ran against PM Alcide De Gasperi (Christian Democrat) Togliatti De Gasperi CIA covertly supported De Gasperi, who won election

35. Marshall Plan

36. Spring 1948— Communist takeover of Czechoslovakia Czech Communist Party (KSC) propaganda poster

37. Allied Occupation of Germany Berlin crisis, 1948-1949

38. ... Leading to political division of Germany and Berlin Berlin crisis, 1948-1949

39. Summer 1948— Stalin imposed blockade on West Berlin

40. Berlin crisis, 1948-1949 Gen. Lucius Clay

41. Berlin crisis, 1948-1949 1948-1949—US and Britain airlifted supplies into West Berlin

42. Berlin crisis, 1948-1949 May 1949—Stalin lifted blockade

43. Federal German Republic (West) German Democratic Republic (East)

44. 1949—US, Britain, France, Canada, Italy, and several other Western European nations formed North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

45. US Occupation of Japan 1945-1947—General Douglas McArthur instituted democratization and land reform on Japan, started to break up industrial monopolies (zaibatsu)

46. US Occupation of Japan 1947—McArthur took “reverse course” and ended reform effort; US instead sought to build Japan up as Cold War ally MacArthur and Japanese Emperor Hirohito

47. Truman and Marshall

49. Three shocks of 1949-1950:

50. Shock #1: The “Loss” of China, 1949 Chiang Kai-shek Three shocks of 1949-1950: Mao Tse-tung

51. Shock #1: The “Loss” of China, 1949 Three shocks of 1949-1950:

52. Secretary of State Dean Acheson

53. Shock #2: Soviet detonation of atom bomb Three shocks of 1949-1950:

54. Shock #3: Korean War Three shocks of 1949-1950: