1. CHAPTER 16: The Two Worlds of Christendom
9AP WORLD HISTORY

2. Learning objectives for Chapter 16
Discuss the development of the early Byzantine empire.
Explain the effects of the Muslim conquests on the Byzantine empire.
Explain the rise of the Franks.
Explain the factors that contributed to the success of the Vikings in toppling the Carolingian empire.
Compare and contrast the economies of Byzantium and western Europe.

3. Learning objectives for Chapter 16
Compare and contrast social development in Byzantium and western Europe.
Compare and contrast the ways in which popes and patriarchs exercised their political power.
Identify the role of monks, monasteries, and missionaries in Christianity.
Discuss the factors that led to the schism between the two worlds of Christendom and the paths followed by the two churches.

4. CHAPTER 16: The Two Worlds of Christendom
Medieval Christendom
Two halves
Byzantine empire
Germanic states
Inherited Christianity from Roman empire
After eighth century, tensions between two halves
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 4
9AP WORLD HISTORY 4

5. Successor States to the Roman Empire, ca. 600 C.E.
CHAPTER 16: The Two Worlds of Christendom
Successor States to the Roman Empire, ca. 600 C.E.
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 5
9AP WORLD HISTORY 5

6. The Early Byzantine Empire
Capital: Byzantium
On the Bosporus Strait  the “Golden Horn”
Commercial, strategic value of location
340 CE: Constantine names capital after himself (Constantinople), moves capital there
1453: Constantinople falls to Turks, renamed Istanbul (Turkey)

7. The Later Roman Empire and Byzantium
Byzantine Empire inherits Roman Empire after fall of Rome in 5th c. CE
Eastern territories remain major power until 13th c. CE

8. The Later Roman Empire Roman infrastructure in place
Roads, institutional hierarchies
Challenges from strong Persian empire (Sasanid dynasty, CE)
Invasions of Germanic peoples

9. Caesaropapism Power centralized in figure of Emperor
Christian leader cannot claim divinity, rather divine authority (divine right)  rules based on “God’s wishes”
Political rule (secular rule)
Involved in religious rule as well (leader of church)
Authority absolute

10. The Byzantine Court Etiquette reinforces authority of Emperor
Royal purple
Prostration
Mechanical devices designed to inspire awe

11. Justinian (527-565 CE) The “sleepless emperor”
Wife Theodora as advisor
Background: circus performer
Uses army to contain tax riots, ambitious construction program
Hagia Sophia: great church built for Byzantine followers
JUSTINIAN CODE: Law code definitive for centuries

12. The Rule of Justinian

13. Byzantine Conquests
General Belisarius recaptures much of western Roman Empire under Justinian
Unable to consolidate control of territories
Withdrew to defend empire from Sasanids, Slavs
Abandoned Rome  city of Ravenna remained as Byzantine administrative center

14. The Byzantine empire and its neighbors, 527-554 C.E.

15. Islamic Conquests and Byzantine Revival
7th century: Arab Muslim expansion
Besieged Byzantium ,
Defense made possible through use of “greek fire” (incendiary weapon launched at enemy forces)

16. Theme System and Imperial Organization
Themes (provinces) under control of generals
Military administration of government
Control from central imperial government
Soldiers from peasant class, rewarded with land grants

17. The Germanic Successor States, c. 500 CE
476 CE: Last Roman emperor deposed by Germanic Odoacer
Administrative apparatus still in place, but cities lose population
Germanic successor states:
Spain: Visigoths
Italy: Ostrogoths
Gaul: Burgundians, Franks
Britain: Angles, Saxons 17

18. Successor States to the Roman Empire c. 50018

19. The Franks Heavy influence on European development
Strong agricultural base
Shifts center of economic gravity to Europe
Firm alliance with western Christian church 19

20. Clovis (ruled 481-511) Major Frankish leader
Destroyed last vestiges of Roman rule in Gaul
Dominated other Germanic peoples
Franks establish themselves as preeminent Germanic people 20

21. Clovis’ Conversion to Christianity
Paganism, Arian Christianity popular among Franks
Clovis and army chooses Roman Catholicism
Influence of wife Clotilda
Political implications  alliance with western church 21

22. The Carolingians
Charles “The Hammer” Martel begins Carolingian dynasty
732: Defeats Spanish Muslims at Battle of Tours
Halts Islamic advance into western Europe
End of spread of Islamic world into Europe 22

23. The Carolingian Empire23

24. Charlemagne (r. 768-814) Grandson of Charles Martel
Centralized imperial rule
Functional illiterate, but sponsored extensive scholarship
Major military achievements 24

25. Charlemagne’s Administration
Capital at Aachen, Germany
Yet constant travel throughout empire
Imperial officials: missi dominici (“envoys of the lord ruler”)
Continued yearly circuit travel 25

26. Charlemagne as Emperor
Hesitated to challenge Byzantines by taking title “emperor”
Yet ruled in fact if not by title
Pope Leo III crowns him as emperor in 800
Planned in advance?
Challenge to Byzantium 26

27. Louis the Pious (r. 814-840) Son of Charlemagne
Lost control of courts, local authorities
Civil war erupts between three sons
Empire divided in 843 among sons (Treaty of Verdun) 27

28. Invasions South: Muslims East: Magyars North: Vikings
Norse expansion begins c. 800 CE
Driven by population pressure, hostility to spread of Christianity
Superior seafaring technology
Sailed to eastern Canada, northeastern US 28

29. CHAPTER 16: The Two Worlds of Christendom
The Vikings
From village of Vik, Norway (hence “Viking”)
Boats with shallow drafts, capable of river travel as well as on open seas
Attacked villages, cities, monasteries from ninth century
Constantinople sacked three times
Carolingians had no navy, dependent on local defenses
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 29
9AP WORLD HISTORY 29

30. The Dissolution of the Carolingian Empire (843 C. E
The Dissolution of the Carolingian Empire (843 C.E.) and the Invasions of Early Medieval Europe in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries 30

31. Tensions with Western Europe
Church
Byzantine: Greek language emphasized; Roman: Latin language spoken
Conflicts over hierarchical control of church
Fealty (faithfulness, allegiance) of Germanic peoples to Rome
Roman pope crowns Charlemagne in 800, a challenge to Byzantine authority

32. Economy in Medieval Christendom
CHAPTER 16: The Two Worlds of Christendom
Economy in Medieval Christendom
Byzantium – “economic powerhouse”
Agricultural surplus
Long-distance trade
Western Christendom
Repeated invasions contribute to agricultural decline
Tenth century: increased political stability leads to economic recovery
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 32
9AP WORLD HISTORY 32

33. Byzantine Economy and Society
5th-13th c.: Constantinople became largest city in Europe
Dependent on small landholders, free peasants
Earlier large landholdings destroyed by invasions in 6th-7th centuries
Theme system rewards soldiers with land grants

34. Decline of the Free Peasantry
Large landholdings on the increase
Reduces tax revenues, recruits to military
Last three centuries indicate steady decline of economy

35. Manufacturing and Trade in Byzantium
Trade routes bring key technologies, e.g. silk industry
Advantage of location causes crafts and industry to expand after 6th century
Tax revenues from silk route
Banking services develop

36. Manufacturing and Trade in Western Europe
CHAPTER 16: The Two Worlds of Christendom
Manufacturing and Trade in Western Europe
Invasions and political turmoil disrupt commercial activities
Agricultural innovations
Heavy plow; water mills; special horse collar
Small scale exchange, maritime trade in Mediterranean
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 36
9AP WORLD HISTORY 36

37. Norse Merchant Mariners
CHAPTER 16: The Two Worlds of Christendom
Norse Merchant Mariners
Commerce or plunder as convenient
Link with the Islamic world for trade
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 37
9AP WORLD HISTORY 37

38. Urban Life: Byzantium Living conditions varied by social class
Aristocrats  palaces
Artisans  apartments
Working poor  communal living spaces
Hippodrome
Chariot races, “greens vs. blues”
Politically inspired rioting

39. Western Europe: Rural Society
CHAPTER 16: The Two Worlds of Christendom
Western Europe: Rural Society
Concept of feudalism
Lords and vassals
Increasingly inadequate model for describing complex society
Ad hoc arrangements (“make it up as you go along”) in absence of strong central authorities
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 39
9AP WORLD HISTORY 39

40. Organizing in a Decentralized Society
CHAPTER 16: The Two Worlds of Christendom
Organizing in a Decentralized Society
Local nobles take over administration from weak central government
Nominal allegiances, especially to Carolingian kings
But increasing independence
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 40
9AP WORLD HISTORY 40

41. CHAPTER 16: The Two Worlds of Christendom
Lords and Retainers
Formation of small private armies
Incentives: land grants, income from mills, cash payments
Formation of hereditary class of military retainers
Development of other functions
Justice, social welfare
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 41
9AP WORLD HISTORY 41

42. Peasants’ Rights and Obligations
CHAPTER 16: The Two Worlds of Christendom
Peasants’ Rights and Obligations
Obligation to provide labor, payments in kind to lord
Unable to move from land
Fees charged for marrying serfs of another lord
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 42
9AP WORLD HISTORY 42

43. Population Growth in Christendom
CHAPTER 16: The Two Worlds of Christendom
Population Growth in Christendom
During fifth and sixth century, population fluctuations
By eighth century, demographic recovery
Political stability
Productive agriculture
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 43
9AP WORLD HISTORY 43

44. Evolution of Christian Societies
CHAPTER 16: The Two Worlds of Christendom
Evolution of Christian Societies
Christianity main source of religious, moral, and cultural authority
Two halves disagree on doctrine, ritual, and church authority
By mid-eleventh century, two rival communities
Eastern Orthodox
Roman Catholic
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 44
9AP WORLD HISTORY 44

45. CHAPTER 16: The Two Worlds of Christendom
Pope Gregory I ( C.E.)
“Gregory the Great”
Asserted papal primacy: Pope would be chief determiner of political power in Europe
Prominent theologian
Sacrament of penance
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 45
9AP WORLD HISTORY 45

46. Orthodox Christianity
Legacy of Classical Greece
Greek replaces Latin after 6th c. CE; language of New Testament
Byzantine education sponsors development of large literate class for state bureaucracy
Training in classical canon law (religious law)

47. The Byzantine Church Church and state closely aligned
325: Council of Nicaea bans Arian movement
Human/divine nature of Jesus
Constantine favors Arians, but supports Nicaean condemnation
Byzantine Emperors appoint Patriarchs
Caesaropapism creates dissent (disagreement) in church

48. Iconoclasm Emperor Leo III (r. 717-741 CE)  Leo the Isaurian (Syrian)
Restored stability to Byzantine Empire
ICONOCLASM: Destruction of cultural relics by new leader  target: Christianity

49. Iconoclasm Destruction of icons after 726 Popular protest, rioting
730: Practice condemned by Pope Gregory III
Policy abandoned by 843

50. Greek Philosophy and Byzantine Theology
Attempt to reconcile Greek philosophy with Judeo- Christianity
Constantine established school to apply philosophical methods to religious questions

51. Ascetism Hermit-like existence Celibacy Fasting Prayer
St. Simeon Stylite  leader of the “pillar saints”
Lived atop pillar for years

52. St. Basil (329-379 C.E.) and St. Benedict (480-547 C.E.)
CHAPTER 16: The Two Worlds of Christendom
St. Basil ( C.E.) and St. Benedict ( C.E.)
Both established consistent rule for monasteries  BENEDICTINE RULE
Poverty
Chastity
Obedience
St. Scholastica ( C.E.)
Sister of St. Benedict
Adapts Benedictine Rule for convents
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 52
9AP WORLD HISTORY 52

53. Monasticism and Society
CHAPTER 16: The Two Worlds of Christendom
Monasticism and Society
Social welfare projects
Inns, orphanages, hospitals
Agents in spread of Christianity
Missionaries – Christian cultural zone in western part of Eurasian continent
England
Northern Germany; Scandinavia
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 53
9AP WORLD HISTORY 53

54. Influence on Slavic Cultures
CHAPTER 16: The Two Worlds of Christendom
Influence on Slavic Cultures
Saints Cyril and Methodius
Missions in Bulgaria and Moravia
Create Cyrillic alphabet
Slavic lands develop orientation to Byzantium
Prince Vladimir of Kiev converts
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 54
9AP WORLD HISTORY 54

55. Tensions between Eastern and Western Christianity
Ritual disputes
Beards on clergy
Leavened bread for Mass
Theological disputes
Iconoclasm
Nature of the Trinity

56. Great Schism of 1054
Arguments over hierarchy, jurisdiction of church sects (factions)
Autonomy of Patriarchs, or Primacy of Rome (Pope)?
1054: Patriarch of Constantinople and Pope of Rome mutually excommunicate each other
EAST: Orthodox Church
WEST: Roman Catholic Church