1. 1 Socio-cultural impacts of Tourism. Holloway Ch. 17 Mathieson, A., & Wall, G., Tourism – economic, physical and social impacts. (Longman, 1992), Ch. 5.

2. 2 Structure Introduction Socio-cultural impacts of tourism. Conclusion.

3. Introduction Cultural and social impacts of tourism are becoming more important. Generally, tourists, sharing different values, away from their home environment behave differently on holiday than in their own environment. The social and cultural impacts of mass tourism are most noticeable in less-developed countries (such as Mozambique) Also noticed in developed countries eg increases in crime and other social problems in USA and Europe.

4. What are social impacts? Population growth in and around tourism destinations. Population decreases in rural areas, lower agricultural and livestock production. Less food produced, prices increase, people have to earn more money to survive, so look for jobs in tourism destinations to pay good wages. This leads to further population growth at tourism destination. Because there aren’t enough jobs, crime increases, as does begging, tourist harassment, prostitution, drug use and other unsocial activities.

5. Social impacts contd. Traditional forms of employment change – farmers may offer some of their land for tourism use (eg a campsite) Increase in health risks through disease (AIDS, hepatitis…) Increase in sex tourism

6. 6 Example – Victoria Falls

7. 7 New destination. (Using Victoria Falls as an example) Growth of tourism leads to the need for urban expansion.

8. The impacts on… Tourism Hotels Restaurants Travel agencies Shops Banks Transport Activities Etc… Host population Housing Health facilities Education Clean water provision Rubbish collection Sewerage Electricity Etc…

9. Culture “Culture is a complex thing which indicates knowledge, beliefs, art, morality, laws, customs and all the dispositions and habits acquired by members of society.” (Chimanikire 1996)

10. What are cultural impacts? Art and craft Language Dancing Way of life Family values Material possessions Can be lost or revived Loss or education Cultural significance? Better or worse? Mostly negative Important?

11. Culture contd. Difficult to define correct behaviour. With more exposure to tourists’ cultures, local cultures become ‘pseudo-native’ – one culture takes features from another. Acculturation theory: asserts that when two cultures come into contact of any duration, each becomes somewhat like the other through a process of borrowing (Nunez 1977) Tourism can be seen as the ‘development of a ‘Coca-Cola’ society within indigenous lifestyles (Shivji, 1973)

12. Conclusion – potential negative impacts Social 1. Encouragement of urbanisation and emigration 2. Friction and resentment between local people and visitors due to over crowding and lack of access for residents to recreational areas and facilities 3. Increase in health risks through diseases such as AIDS, malaria, hepatitis and influenza 4. Increase in drug abuse and prostitution 5. Open antagonism and crimes against visitors. Cultural 1. Commercialisation of traditional welcome and hospitality customs 2. Loss of cultural authenticity (eg vulgarisation of traditional crafts, importation of foreign cultural influences 3. Overcrowding and damage to archaeological and historical sites and monuments.

13. Conclusion contd. General – potential negative impacts 1. Damage to family structures and subsistence food production 2. Displacement of local people to make way for airports, resorts, nature reserves, historical and other attraction sites, and other development projects 3. Encouragement of anti-social behaviour such as begging, touting and other harassment.