1. MAJOR DISCLAIMER!!!! You should not attend this series until you have gone through the previous 2 series: –Basic Behavior Principles –Function Based Assessment Practicing these strategies without understanding the principles behind them can be dangerous to the children you serve.

2. Website for PP Notes and Readings http://iowals.wetpaint.com/page/Challen ging+Behavior

3. Advanced Assessments & Behavior Intervention Planning Sean D. Casey, Ph.D., BCBA The Iowa Department of Education

4. Functional Behavioral Assessments Purpose: To identify and measure meaningful responses and their controlling variables. Focus is on what the person does. –Not on what the person has.  A Trait  A Diagnosis

5. How Treatments (usually) Work Eliminate the Establishing Operation –Prevent Deprivation, or –Induce Satiation Eliminate the Maintaining Contingency –Eliminating the Response  X  Reinforcer relationship Replace the Behavior with a Socially Acceptable One

6. Attention and Tangible Treatments Enriched Environment Noncontingent Reinforcement (NCR) Functional Communication Training (FCT) Differential Reinforcement of Alternative Behavior (DRA) Differential Reinforcement of Other Behavior (DRO) Extinction Combinations of procedures

7. Treatments Based On Function?! TXs for Behavior Maintained by: –Positive Reinforcement  Attention  Tangible –Negative Reinforcement  Escape –Automatic Reinforcement  Positive Reinforcement (Induction)  Negative Reinforcement (Reduction or Pain Attenuation) Default Treatments

8. Escape-Based BIPs

9. Escape Based Treatments Negative Reinforcement –Escaping –Avoiding or Delaying –Attenuating (you do it for me)  Includes hand over hand assistance The widest variety of treatments Some treatments are similar to Positive Reinforcement –Tailored to an escape function

10. Escape Based Treatments Antecedent Manipulations Behavioral Momentum (Hi-P) Choice Making Noncontingent Escape (NCE) Functional Communication Training (FCT) Differential Negative Reinforcement of Alternative Behavior (DNRA) Differential Negative Reinforcement of Other Behavior (DNRO) Escape Extinction Combinations of procedures

11. Escape Based Treatments Antecedent Manipulations –Making the tasks doable  Shorter  Making tasks easier, doable  Providing help –Subtle changes How it works (Eliminate EO)

12. Escape Based Treatments Antecedent Manipulations - Advantages –Easy to Implement –Quick Effects DRA - Disadvantages –Finding the correct manipulation

13. Escape Based Treatments Behavioral Momentum –“Smoke & Mirrors” to gain compliance –Helpful to initiate tasks (avoidance) How it works (Eliminate EO?) –A sequence of Hi-P requests precedes a Low-P request  3-5 (go on higher end) –Snowball down a hill  As “momentum” builds and overcomes “resistance”.

14. Mace et al. (1997)

16. Escape Based Treatments HiP - Advantages –Works pretty quickly –Great for avoidance. –Little effort to implement HiP - Disadvantages –Can be time consuming to get identify Hi-P list. –Hi-P requests can become Low-P due to association w/ Low P requests –No idea if this will help with “endurance”

17. Escape Based Treatments Choice of Tasks –Providing control to children to decrease the aversiveness of tasks –Arranged in a way that all tasks are done. How it works (Eliminates the EO) –Choice amongst tasks is provided prior to task demand

18. Romaniuk et al. (2002)

20. Romaniuk et al. (2002) - Conversely

21. Romaniuk et al. (2002)

22. Escape Based Treatments Choice - Advantages –Child has Control over task schedule –Easy to maintain TX Integrity –Low effort to implement Choice - Disadvantages –Getting the child to do the “most” aversive task can be a problem. –Choice may not always be available  Dentist  Doctor  Haircut

23. Escape Based Treatments NCE –Providing “breaks” from tasks on a FT schedule How it works (Eliminates the EO) –Decreases motivation to engage in problem behavior to escape demands –Response Independent “escape”  Breaks are given for “free”  Not contingent on behavior

24. Coleman & Holmes (1998)

25. Escape Based Treatments NCE - Advantages –Simple to Implement –Decreases motivation to engage in problem behavior to escape demands because it is delivered on a schedule  Compliance usually goes up NCE - Disadvantages –Adventitious Reinforcement –Relationship between problem behavior remains in tact –Compliance is not a requirement  It is not a DRA

26. Escape Based Treatments FCT –Two versions of reinforcement are typical  Breaks (Escape/Avoid)  Assistance (Attenuate) –Communication is reinforced How it works (Replacement Behavior) –Escape/Avoid/Help is delivered upon request.

27. Casey & Merical (2006)

28. Lalli et al. (1995)

30. Escape Based Treatments FCT - Advantages –Child has control over schedule –Do not have to constantly monitor behavior FCT - Disadvantages –Student may make unreasonable amount of requests  Add in Delay  Add in Minimum Work requirements –Great asking but you have to do 1 first

31. Escape Based Treatments DNRA (or DRA) –Escape is delivered following a pre- specified alternative (or set of responses)  Usually (partial) task completion –Problem behavior no longer results in access to breaks (i.e., has extinction component).

32. Escape Based Treatments How it works (Replacement + Eliminate Maintaining Contingency) –“Break” is provided when “X” occurs. (If – Then)  Usually on an FR 1  Usually faded to –Variable Ratio schedules (e.g., VR 5) or –Interval schedules (e.g., FI 10m, VI 10m)

33. Lalli & Casey (1995)

34. Escape Based Treatments DNRA - Advantages –It is less likely to evoke extinction based responding because reinforcement is available contingent on another response –The child learns new behaviors! DNRA - Disadvantages –Hard to distinguish from straight “Escape Extinction” –Extinction induced responding is a very strong possibility. –Must make sure the task can be completed by the child.  Has the skills to do the task  The task will not “expire” on its own –Saved by the bell.

35. Escape Based Treatments DNRO (or DRO) –Breaks are provided when the child does not engage in behavior for a specified period of time.  DRO (300) – A break is provided if no problem behavior occurs over 5 minutes –Problem behavior no longer results in access to attention (i.e., has extinction component).

36. Escape Based Treatments How it works (Eliminate Maintaining Contingency) –Calculate Inter-response times  50% of the Mean is often used –Time is Faded up –Features  Non-Resetting vs. Resetting versions  Signaled vs. Unsignaled versions

37. Buckley & Newchok (2006)

38. Escape Based Treatments DNRO - Advantages –This TX directly addresses behavioral function.  Reinforcement is withheld when target behavior occurs  Reinforcement is only available in the absence of target behavior. DNRA - Disadvantages –Extinction induced responding is a very strong possibility.  Requires continuous 1:1 monitoring of child’s behavior. –Can be cumbersome to implement.

39. Escape Based Treatments Escape Extinction –Problem behavior never results in breaks or assistance. –Oftentimes true escape extinction is a real “nag” –Not to be confused with physical guidance  Some kids don’t mind  Serves as an aversive for others –Directly addresses behavior problem  Upset child means its working –Problem: Extinction bursting

40. Escape Based Treatments Extinction - Advantages –Directly addresses behavioral function.  Reinforcement is withheld when target behavior occurs Extinction - Disadvantages –Extinction Burst: –Other inappropriate behaviors can emerge as the child tests other ways of obtaining attention. –No explicit teaching component –Harmful to withdraw too quickly

41. Escape Based Treatments Combinations –FCT + EXT –NCE + DRO The negative side effects of some treatments can be mitigated by including a combinations of procedures. –Extinction effects can be avoided by teaching the child a functionally equivalent response (FCT with EXT). –Child earns an escape/avoid task coupon every 2 hours (NCE) and every day without problem behavior (DRO)

42. Treatments Based On Function?! TXs for Behavior Maintained by: –Positive Reinforcement  Attention  Tangible –Negative Reinforcement  Escape –Automatic Reinforcement  Positive Reinforcement (Induction)  Negative Reinforcement (Reduction or Pain Attenuation) Default Treatments

43. Treatments Based On Function?! TXs for Behavior Maintained by: –Positive Reinforcement  Attention  Tangible –Negative Reinforcement  Escape –Automatic Reinforcement  Positive Reinforcement (Induction)  Negative Reinforcement (Reduction or Pain Attenuation) Default Treatments