1. Change in the 1800s

2. Section 1  NEW MOVEMENTS IN AMERICA

3. Second Great Awakening  Revivals – large religious gatherings designed to “revive” faith  Many took place in western New York – Burned Over District  Charles G. Finney – led revivals  Time became known as Second Great Awakening  Could create heaven on earth through hard work (led to people reforming society – Reform Era)

4. Temperance Movement  Temperance movement – moderation in use of alcohol  Wrote songs, books, about evils of alcohol  1851 alcohol outlawed in Maine

5. Education Reform  Before1840, most couldn’t afford private school, common school education was poor  “friends of education” to improve schools  Horace Mann – 1837, Sec. of Ed in Mass State funded, locally supervised Compulsory attendance Teacher training

6. Education Reform  By 1860, 60% of white children attended school (not natives or slaves)  William McGuffey – Eclectic Readers; taught reading

7. Reforming Prisons  Dorthea Dix – In 1834 petitioned Mass. legislature to treat mentally ill separate from prisoners  By her death, more than 100 mental institutions had been built across U.S.

8. Transcendentalism  Knowledge through observation, reason, intuition & experience (truth in nature)  Ralph Waldo Emerson –essays & poems, people should be self-reliant  Henry David Thoreau – lived on Walden Pond “civil disobedience” - nonviolent resistance (MLK, Ghandi)

9. Utopianism  Utopia – perfect society  Robert Owen – 1825 established New Harmony in Indiana (community failed)  Brook Farm –failed due to debt  Shakers – Christian sect from late 1700s, established communities

10. Section 2 Early Immigration & Urban Reform

11. “The American Republic invites nobody to come. We will keep out nobody. Arrivals will suffer no disadvantages as aliens. But they can expect no advantages either. Native-born and foreign-born face equal opportunities. What happens to them depends entirely on their individual ability and exertions, and on good fortune.” -John Quincy Adams

12. Irish & German Immigration  Potato is staple of Irish diet  1845-1849 disease struck crop in Great Irish Famine  About 1 million died, 1.5 million to U.S.  Germans fled economic depression, overpopulation, religious persecution, taxes; came to U.S. for business opportunities

13. Pushed and Pulled  Push – factors that cause people to leave home (hardship)  Pull –factors that make people want to go to a specific country (opportunity)  Variety of factors led to immigration of 3 million Irish and Germans by 1860

14. Hostility toward the Irish  Number of Irish seen as threat  They were poor (would work for low wages, threat to workers)  Catholic (Americans mostly Protestant)  Nativism – opposition to immigration  Know-Nothings – The American Party, secretive, anti-immigrant, successful for a few years

15. German Experience  Most were upper middle class Protestants  Could afford to move inland Urban Reform Efforts  Tenements – poorly made, crowded apartments, disease spread  Local boards of health established, poor were ignored

16.  Industrialization caused – low wages, long hours, unsafe conditions  Labor movement tried to fix problems (NH limited work day to 10 hours) Workplace Reform

17.  1834 – National Traders Union  Panic of 1837 – 1/3 of Americans out of work  Competition in workforce made it hard to reform

18. Section 3 WOMEN AND REFORM

19. Women’s Lives in 1800s  Economic, legal and social factors limited what women could do Couldn’t vote Couldn’t enter into legal contracts Had no property of their own Children went to men in divorce Low wages Money went to husband or parents “cult of domesticity” – woman’s place is in the home.

20. Reform Societies  Groups organized to promote social reforms  Wanted “moral” reform – promoted good behavior  Visited jails, etc to spread religion

21. Women work for Reform  Catharine Beecher – first school for women, worked to send women west to educate frontier people  Homes for girls and women in need established  Helped in labor and temperance movements

22. Seneca Falls Convention  Elizabeth Cady Stanton & Lucretia Mott organized the convention for women’s rights.  “All men and women are created equal”  300 people attended  Some disagreed with asking for voting rights, thought it was too much.  Women who fought for rights were criticized.

23. Section 4 FIGHTING AGAINST SLAVERY

24. Political Conflict:  Non-slave states felt threatened by the growing number of slaves.  3/5 compromise allowed them to be counted, so South’s population was increasing, giving them more power in the House.  Senate still split, but for how long? (we talk more about this in chapter 10)

25. Lives of slaves  Nearly 4 million in the South by 1860  Viewed as property  Field or farm hands, house slaves, skilled artisans, cities, mines or forests  Inadequate food and clothing  Some beaten, whipped, starved, threatened, separated from family  Religion, storytelling provided comfort

26. Antislavery Movement In 1860, about 215,000 free blacks in south (some former slaves, some born free) Free blacks lead antislavery activities Nat Turner’s rebellion – killed Turner’s slaveholder & family, dozens more. 20 men executed for involvement, 100 others killed for “sympathizing” New laws enacted to limit slaves freedoms

27. Escape!!  Tried to reach free states, Canada or Mexico  Many did not succeed  Underground Railroad – network of escape routes; whites & free blacks provided food and shelter  Harriet Tubman – most famous “conductor”, she was an escaped slave

29. Abolition Movement  Campaign to abolish (end) slavery  Started with religion (Quakers), Second Great Awakening contributed (moral wrong  William Lloyd Garrison – American Anti- Slavery Society – The Liberator  Grimke sisters – daughters of SC plantation owner  Frederick Douglass – escaped slave, The North Star

30. URR simulation  http://teacher.scholastic.com/activities/b history/underground_railroad/ http://teacher.scholastic.com/activities/b history/underground_railroad/

31. Opposition to Abolition  Ministers justified slavery using Bible  Cotton was 55% of nation’s exports, Southern economy “depended on it”  Many Northerners supported or tolerated slavery – free slaves would compete for jobs.  Blacks discriminated against in North (couldn’t vote, go to school, testify, join labor unions, etc)  Children at risk of being kidnapped and sold

32. President Monroe  Monroe pushed for the establishment of a colony in Africa so freed slaves could return.  In 1824, Liberia was established and Monrovia was named the capital.

33. Impact of Reforms video clip  Focus Question: In the early 1800s, many Americans had few rights and protections under American law. How did the work of early reformers affect the activist movements of later years?  Activity: Break into 3 groups, labor, women and abolition, list goals and accomplishments of the reform.  Closing: How has American life been improved by the work of reformers?