1. The Modern Era Paradoxes of Global Acceleration 1945-2004

2. The World in 1945:  50 million people killed during WW II  Parts of Europe, Asia, and North Africa in ruins  World trade severely damaged Much of the world looked pretty bleak.

3.  In Europe  Economies in ruins  colonial empires crumbling  Nationalist movements in Africa and Asia  Mandela in S. Africa  Gandhi in India  U.S. the major industrial & atomic power The world entered a new era.

4. Cold War policies developed:  The USSR occupied Eastern Europe and part of Germany.  U.S. wants to stop spread of Communism  “Containment Policy”  system of alliances and military aid to rebuild Europe ($13 billion)  “Iron Curtain”  tense relations b/w US & allies v. USSR & Soviet Bloc (nations under USSR control)

5. The World became divided into two hostile camps: The U.S.S.R. and the U.S. Joseph Stalin Pres. Harry Truman 1946-60 The Cold War: USSR & USA never fought directly

6. Followed a policy of Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD). The U.S. and U.S.S.R had enough nuclear bombs to destroy the world about 400 times. I guess it made sense at the time. Each side threatens to use nuclear weapons against each other

7. Fights over Communism spreading in Asia: 1950-53 – Korean War 1950-53 – Korean War 1963-1972 – Vietnam War 1963-1972 – Vietnam War The Cold War: battle on other fronts

8. During the Cold War many former colonized peoples created new nations.  India (1947) & Ghana (1957) gain independence from Britain.  Indonesia independence from Dutch (1949)  By 1965 most former European colonies had become newly created independent nation-states.. The U.S. and the U.S.S.R. competed for the loyalties of these new nations.

9. Colonialism left new nations “Underdeveloped.” This table shows how shares of world Gross Domestic Product changed between 1870 and 1998. DateIndiaChinaAfricaJapan Western Europe and U.S. 187012.217.23.62.342.5 19137.68.92.72.652.6 19504.24.53.63.053.6 19733.14.63.37.747.7 19985.011.53.17.742.5 What might we learn from this table about patterns of economic development in the world?

10. In 1750, China and India provided 57% of world manufacturing. In 1953, they manufactured only 4% of the world’s goods. What caused such a dramatic change?

11. In the 1960s, as the colonized people gained independence, the world-wide split between the North –rich industrial nations—and the South – poor “third world” nations—grew wider.

12. How did Western leaders try to restore world trade after World War II? In 1944:  Created the World Bank.  Established the International Monetary Fund.  Established stable currency exchange rates.  Ushered in global economic cooperation.  Eventually led to Free Market Capitalism However, these agreements did not include the Soviet bloc nations

13. Post WWII, move towards Free Trade In theory, free world trade encourages greater economic specialization, more productivity, and greater wealth.  Efficient use of world resources  Tariffs (trade taxes) are eliminated.  Businesses can move where make more profits.  More jobs are created.  People have more money And each country can concentrate on what it does best.

14. In the 1980s the U.S. moved to expand free market capitalism  Little gov regulation in the market  Freedom of choice  Borderless market economy  People should be free to pursue economic self-interest  Consuming goods a major value What is free market capitalism? However, most nations continued to pursue some forms of economic nationalism

15. In the 1980s China moved toward a free-market system and joined the global economy. China’s Trade surplus balance with U.S. $666.2 billion in the 2004, China’s economy will probably equal that of US. In twenty-five years. China now buys from 1-2 billion dollars of the U.S. debt each day.

16. In 1989, the Berlin Wall came down and the Cold War ended. E. European countries broke away from USSR E. European countries broke away from USSR USSR broke into 12+ new states. USSR broke into 12+ new states. The Berlin Wall was built in August 1961 The Wall was destroyed on November 9, 1989

17. In 1991, India embraced a free market system and joined the global economy. India is now the fourth largest world economy after the U.S., China and Japan. India’s growth rate has averaged about 5.8% for the past 15 years. Major exports include   Clothing   Automobiles   Handicrafts

18. With the collapse In the 1990s, Globalization now embraced the majority of the world’s economies. U.S., the major world power, became the chief advocate of free market capitalism for the global system. What is Globalization ?

19.  Increasing global connections  Faster communication and transportation  Rapid growth of worldwide social relationships.  Swift and free flow of money, goods, people, & ideas across national borders Globalization

20. billions 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1803 - 124 yrs 1927- 33 yrs 1960 - 14 yrs 1974 - 12 yrs 1986 – 13 yrs The time it takes to add one billion people grows shorter. World population has been rapidly increasing. Wow! More than 6 billionpeople now alive.

21. Life expectancy is rising, but it varies world wide. Country Average Life Expectancy Sweden79.2 France78 United States 71.1 Bangladesh62.8 Botswana40.1 Zimbabwe39.2 Average life expectancy for the world is 70 years.

22. Speed of travel has increased dramatically. World wide communication is almost instant 1981 1981 1977 1957 1982 Look at this antique computer. It doesn’t even have a hard drive! 1962

23. The computer has been changing billions of lives. Where are the books I ordered? I’m applying to college. IT Engineer seeks house.. We’re catching up with the U.S. economy. Will you be my E-pal? I raised my campaign funds via the internet.

24. But what does globalization have to do with me? Jeans from Malaysia Backpack from China Shirt from Mexico Cap from Bangladesh Video game from Japan Sneakers from Indonesia Soccer ball from Pakistan

25. Expanding technology makes possible a cornucopia of new products for us New technologies allow humans to control nature like never before

26. More goods are being produced, bought, and sold worldwide than ever before. What shall I buy next?

27. Globa lization also spreads ideas and values.

28. Democratic ideas have spread to more countries than ever before. IndiaKoreaJapanTaiwanMalaysiaQatarMaliBrazil South Africa

29. But globalization brings high human costs. Although the world’s people are producing more than 47 trillion dollars in wealth, these riches are not distributed equally.

30.  20% get most of the wealth.  The U.S. owns 11 trillion dollars of this wealth.  2 billion of the world’s people live on less than $2 a day.  Peasants are forced to leave the land as money and wage economies spread.  Workers without education and skills are often left behind. The growing gap between the rich and the poor continues to increase.

31. Some big multinational corporations have more wealth than many nations. RankingGDP/value added$trillion 1United States9.9 2Japan4.7 7China1.23 $billion 40Malaysia89.7 41Colombia81.3 42Philippines74.7 43Chile70.5 44Wal-Mart Stores67.7 45Pakistan61.6 46Peru53.5 47Algeria53.3 48Exxon57.6 49Czech Republic50.8 50New Zealand50 51Bangladesh47.1 52 United Arab Emirates46.5 53General Motors46.2 54Hungary45.6 55Ford Motor45.1 56Mitsubishi44.3 57Mitsui41.3 58Nigeria41.1 59Citigroup39.1 60Itachu38.4 Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of Selected Countries and Corporations2002 Corporations in bold face

32. In poor countries child labor is widespread. Some 212 million children of ages 5-14 are working instead of going to school. These young girls work 12 hours a day, 6 days a week, earning $2-3 per week. Most child labor involves high energy work.

33. Outsourcing is increasing. In 2003, U.S. lost 234,000 information techn jobs. An estimated 14 million more jobs may move overseas. But U.S. loss is a gain for India, China, Ireland, Korea and other nations Narayana Murthy (right) and his Infosys Information Technology complex in Bangalore, India.

34. Keep business away:  Strong labor unions  High wages  Environment protection laws and  Unstable governments Manufacturing and capital flows to the areas of the world where they can make the most profits..

35. The speed of globalization results in environmental problems from  over-cutting forests.  burning fossil fuels.  producing more industrial and consumer waste.

36. Growing threats to the environment affect all people

37. Lots of people question globalization.. Hollywood is ruining ourchildren. Globalization is forcing my child to work. Free trade is destroying us farmers. Free trade is destroying us farmers. Industrial countries are leaving us out of Globalization. Development is destroying our rain forest. We have 50 million people living in poverty.

38. Globalization involves contradictions.  Profitable industry but widening gap between rich and poor?  Lots of cultural pluralism but people becoming “homogenized?” (losing culture, becoming the same)  Increasing interdependence but small communities banding more tightly together?  Huge wealth in industrialized nations but great poverty in other countries? You mean it’s not good for everyone?

39. Some people believe that globalization is “cultural imperialism”. Can you interpret how this cartoon depicts the idea of “cultural imperialism?”

40. Some:  wholeheartedly embrace it.  seek to maintain their traditions  fight for more economic fairness.  turn to religion.  turn violent  try to manage it for greater human good. People respond to globalization differently. A house in Figuig, an oasis in Morocco on the edge of the Sahara Desert. This family reaches out to the world through its satellite dish.

41. Terrorism has ushered in a new global threat.  Modern military strategies and weapons are often ineffective against suicide attacks.  Terrorists communicate and spread their ideologies using cell phones and the Internet.  Terrorist groups may have cells in many nations.

42. In 2002, the United States government adopted policies of massive military intervention as part of a war on terror. 2002 – U.S. forces invaded Afghanistan to topple the government of the Taliban, which was cooperating with international terrorists. 2003 – U.S. forces invaded Iraq to overthrow the government of Saddam Hussein. The U.S. accused him of supporting terrorism. Are we entering a new era of international relations?

43. In this new era will the U.S. act as democratic leader, the supreme world power, as an empire?  owns about one fourth of the world’s wealth.  working to create democratic institutions in Afghanistan, Iraq, and other countries.  has military force equal to the next 20 countries combined.  striving to be a model of democracy for the world.  maintains 725 military bases, valued at $118 billion, with 254,000 military personnel in 153 nations. Do these factors help us answer the question?

44. Your decisions and actions will help shape the future. Will we cooperate to fight terrorism and work to ensure that all people live in dignity? How these issues turn out is really up to us. One person can make a difference.

45. Your World History course may end here, but it’s not over yet!