1. PORTS Marina Zanne, M.Sc. Marina.Zanne@fpp.uni-lj.si

2. Introduction interface between land and sea transport weakest link in a transport chain gateway as it is that through the ports countries trade with the rest of the world port users: ships, cargo/passengers, land carriers different port administrative structures port planning

3. Ports Port authority Inspection Towage, pilotage TerminalsStevadorsCustoms Freigh forwarders, agents Land carries Ships Cargo State Economy, IM/EX comp Banks

4. Ports The ship Cargo / passengers Land carriers Government responsabilities Immigration Customs Health Labour inspection Charges Charges made by the port authority Charges made by others

5. Users – The ship channels fairways, breakwaters etc. turning areas, docks, locks etc aids to navigation repairs navigation information and radio-telephone service pilotage towage provisions, stores and bunkering infrastucture services

6. Users – Cargo / passengers sheds cargo and passenger terminals stacking areas warehouses tankfarms and silos for liquid commodities cranes and various handling appliances cargo handling lighterage superstucture services

7. Users – Land carriers roads railway tracks marshalling yards waiting docks lorry and car parks pipes lorry appointment schemes wagon appointment schemes infrastucture services superstucture

8. Container terminal

9. Bulk ship / terminal

10. LNG terminal

11. Types of port governance service port, tool port, landlord port and private port.

12. Service port land and all assets are owned by government, and managed by a port authority performance of operations is under the control of the port authority the perception is that privatization increases port efficiency  number of service ports worldwide has steadily declined assets privatization (mainly in UK) services privatization

13. Tool port land and assets owned by government, and managed by a port authority port authority’s staff operates the port-owned equipment other cargo-handling activities are provided by private cargo-handling firms

14. Landlord port the port is owned by government and managed by a port authority the port authority of a landlord port gives up its control over port operations by leasing the port’s infrastructure to private terminal operators for their operation of the port private terminal operators may provide and maintain their own buildings, purchase and install their own equipment on the port’s grounds, and hire dockworkers.

15. Private port Land and infrastructure are privately owned and the operations are under the control of the private owner or a private operator to which the operations of the port are leased.

16. Types of port governance Financial institutions are interested in investing in private port terminal operators. Source: RMT 2009, www.unctad.org

17. Types of port governance Port type Responsability Service portTool port Landlord port Private service port InfrastructureState Private SuperstructureState Private Port employeesStatePrivate Other tasksMainily public Misc Mainly private

21. Port planning day-to-day information berth status expected arrivals and departures man/plant employment (shortage/surplus) periodical information works and maintenance progress reports operations: statistics, ratios, indicators finance: financial results

22. Port planning outside the port trade trends (local/national) commercial shipping the port in the public eye

23. Port planning - Reports progress reports work progress report; on new constructions purchase contracts, maintenance or overhaul of facilities and plants. survey; depths in approach fairway, depths in docks and at berths miscellaneous incidents; anything that is relevant to port‘s activities must be recorded

24. Port planning – Trade & port in the public eye dynamic process traffic projections technological changes affecting the transpot industry marketing activities / public relations competitive ports activities

25. Port planning – Statistics & performance indicators general activity statistics; port‘s role in national economy: no. of ships in/out aggregate tonnage of ships in/out total tonnage of cargoes in/out (passengers)  followed by more detailed statistics technical/operational statistics; cargo andling activities in refernce to capacities: handling rates & transfer modes between ship and land conveyances (or ships) cost and revenue analysis; financial performance of the port  predicting from the past performance

26. Port planning – Performance indicators production rates; port/berth/cargo performance index [tonnes/hour] berth occupancy factor; superficial throughput; [tonnes/square metre/year] overall perfomance indicator; total tonnage in/out, aggregate ship‘s time in port, cost of ship‘s idle time, number of ships, average dwell time of cargo, average value of cargo per tonne, aggregate handling costs including idle time of labour and euipment.

27. Port planning – Operational research queuing theory marginal use analysis work and method study (cargo handling)

28. Sources & further reading Baudelaire J.-G.: Port administration and management,1986 Port reform toolkit (2007), http://web.worldbank.org/http://web.worldbank.org/