1. Do Now 12/5 WOD: FUSILLADE (FYOO se lahd) n. – a rapid outburst or barrage The soldier jumped behind a concrete wall for protection from the FUSILLADE of gunfire. The guard at the gate was surprised by a FUSILLADE of arrows which allowed the invaders to gain entrance to the castle. The defense lawyer overwhelmed the witness with a FUSILLADE of questions. 1.) What are thermal inertia and thermal equilibrium? Why are these concepts important to life and Earth’s climate?

2. Blackfish response Answer two of the following in a complete paragraph with NO FEWER than 5 sentences 1.This documentary is mainly told through the viewpoints of 5 former SeaWorld trainers. Why did the filmmakers not include testimony from current SeaWorld employees? 2.SeaWorld is currently appealing a court ruling that makes trainers stay a certain distance away from whales to ensure their safety. Do you believe that SeaWorld should be fighting that decision? Why or why not? 3.There is a huge movement by PETA and other organizations to have all the whales in captivity released into the wild. Do you believe that is a viable option?

3. Chapter 7.2: How Water Physics Affect Marine Life INB Pg 38

4. Light Water scatters and absorbs light. When light hits the water, some light penetrates, but much may simply reflect back out of the water. – Within the water, light reflects off light-colored suspended particles. – Dark colored suspended particles and algae absorb some of the light. – Water molecules absorb the energy, converting light into heat. – Water absorbs colors at the red end of the spectrum more easily than at the blue end.

5. Light Two zones exist with respect to light penetration: – 1. Photic Zone – where light reaches (can be as deep as 200 meters (656 feet). The photic zone has two subzones. Euphotic Zone – the upper shallow portion where most biological production occurs – comprises about 1% of the oceans. Dysphotic Zone – where light reaches, but not enough for photosynthetic life. – 2. Aphotic Zone – it makes up the vast majority of the oceans. Where light does not reach and only a fraction of marine organisms live.

6. Temperature Compared to land-based climates, marine organisms live in a much less challenging environment with respect to temperature range. – Ectotherm – An organism who's internal temperature changes with seawater temperature. Commonly called “cold- blooded.” – Endotherm – Organisms that have an internal temperature that varies, but remains 9°-16°C (48.2°- 60.8°F) warmer than the surrounding water. – Homeotherm – Have an internal temperature that is relatively stable. They are called “warm-blooded”; marine mammals and birds are in this category.

7. Temperature Temperature affects metabolism – the higher the temperature within an organism the more energy- releasing chemical processes (metabolism) happen. – Endotherms and homeotherms can tolerate a wide range of external temperatures. Internal heat regulation allows endotherms an advantage. – Their metabolic rate remains the same regardless of external temperature allowing them to live in a variety of habitats.

8. Sound Sound travels five times faster in water than in air. – It travels through warm water faster than cool… but it travels faster in deep water due to pressure. – Sound travels much farther through water than light does. – Sound is eventually absorbed by water as heat..

9. Sound Because sound travels so well in water, marine mammals use echolocation to sense an object’s size, distance, density, and position underwater. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-Qpe69tbz34

10. Do Now 12/9 WOD: GARNER (GAHR nur) v. – to gather or store Maria worked to GARNER all the information she could before she started writing her report. Throughout her lifetime, Bernice GARNERED enough antique furniture to fill five houses. Jonathan was guilty of GARNERING illegal information on the internet. Absolute LAST day for any missing assignments and test retakes/corrections is THIS Friday! (12/13) Please take your folder from the cart

11. Pressure Pressure exerted by water is called hydrostatic pressure. It’s simply the weight of the water. – At 10 meters (33 feet) hydrostatic pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure – 1 bar/ata. – At 10 meters (33 feet) the total pressure is 2 bar – 1 bar from atmospheric pressure plus 1 bar from hydrostatic pressure. – A marine organism living at 10 meters (33 feet) experiences twice the pressure present at sea level. Pressure increases 1 bar for each additional 10 meters (33 feet).

12. Pressure Hydrostatic pressure doesn’t affect marine organisms because it is the same inside the organism as outside. – Living tissue is made primarily of water, which (within limits) transmits pressure evenly. Since it’s in balance, pressure doesn’t crush or harm marine organisms. – Hydrostatic pressure is primarily an issue only for organisms that have gas spaces in their bodies.

13. Size and Volume Using a sphere to substitute for a cell: – The volume of a sphere increases with the cube of its radius and the surface area increases with the square of its radius. If a cell were to increase diameter 24 times original size, the volume would increase 64 times, but the surface area would increase only 16 times. – High surface-to-volume ratio is important for cell function. The bigger the cell, the lower the surface-to-volume ratio, which means that there’s less relative area through which to exchange gases, nutrients, and waste. This is why large organisms are multicellular rather than a giant single cell. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6Ecfwgctis8

14. Size and Volume Buoyancy Archimedes’ Principle states that an object immersed in a gas or liquid is buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of the gas or liquid displaced. – This means marine organisms don’t have to expend much energy to offset their own weight compared to a land-based existence. It allows entire communities to exist simply by drifting. It allows organisms to grow larger than those on land. It allows many swimming creatures to live without ever actually coming into contact with the bottom. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xniW3_afO-0

15. Movement and Drag Marine organisms avoid sinking by: – Plumes, hairs, ribbons, spines, and other protrusions that increase their drag and help them resist sinking. – Others have buoyancy adaptations that help them remain suspended in the water column. Some marine organisms need to overcome drag as they swim. Adaptations that help them overcome drag: – Moving or swimming very slowly. – Excreting mucus or oil that actually helps them to “slip” through the water. – The most common is to have a shape that reduces drag – streamlining..

16. Movement and Drag Currents It is speculated that drifting provides several advantages. – 1. Drifting disperses organisms into new habitats, ensuring survival should something happen to the original community. – 2. May take organisms into nutrient-rich areas, preventing too many offspring from competing for the same resources in the original community.