1. Environmental Policy and Cooperation

2.  1. Main Goal-Sustainability so that…  a. Society can go on indefinitely  b. Maintain same standard of living

3.  2. The Players  a. Governments  b. Businesses  c. Organizations

4.  3. Sustainability  a. First Attempt-Earth Summit  b. Address environmental concerns  c. At the same time, do it economically

5.  4. Climate and Atmosphere  a. Montreal Protocol 1. Reduced Ozone 2. Mostly successful

6.  a. Kyoto Protocol - 1987 1. Attempt to reduce greenhouse gases 2. Mostly unsuccessful

7. 3. Complaints about too costly to implement the reduction 4. U.S. refused to sign

8.  5. Other Agreements  a. CITES-Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora 1. Protects endangered species 2. Restricts trade and imports

9.  6. NGOs – Non-Governmental  Organizations  a. Legally formed groups 1. Involved in environmental issues 2. Can be local or regional

10.  b. National Conservancy 1. Collect land and money donations 2. Set aside for preserving 3. Trade land for more desirable one

11.  1. Economics  a. Study of the choices people make as they use resources  b. Value of things determined by the market place

12.  c. A successful system is one which maximizes societal benefits  d. Economist see environmental problems as a market failure

13.  1. The price of gas does not cover the cost of billions of dollars in air pollution problems caused by burning gas.  2. The actual cost which would cover the cost of cleaning up the air pollution would double the cost of a gallon of gas

14.  3. We pay either way through government financed cleanups and regulation,  4. Or we pay with health problems and loss of life due to the pollution.

15.  2. Determining the Value of an Ecosystem  a. Calculate how much it would cost to return an ecosystem to its natural form

16.  b. Calculate the replacement cost of the ecosystem services that are lost 1. Removing CO2 from the air 2. Cleaning the water 3. Protecting the coast from storms

17.  1. Regulation on pollution  2. Taxes for pollution cleanup  3. Incentives to do the right thing  4. Rebates for buying energy efficient items