1. Chapter 2 The Birth of a Nation The American Revolution Chapter 2.1 EOC

2. American Revolution: Causes 1. Mercantilism: countries grow wealthier and maintain their national security by consistently exporting more than they import 2. Navigation Acts: laws required the British colonies to sell certain goods only to Britain; goods sold to other countries were charged a duty.

3. Mercantilism & Navigation Acts

5. The French & Indian War o As the British colonist moved west they encountered the French & the Native Americans o British vs. French & Native Americans

6. Treaty of Paris 1763  France gave up claims in Canada and all the land east of the Mississippi River  Britain became the true colonial power in North America

8. Britain vs. the Colonies Americans: British Troops unsuited for American terrain Writs of assistance: search warrants that allowed the British to search ships; enforced the Navigation Acts British in debt for the war- needed the colonists to pay

9. Proclamation of 1763  In response to Native American attacks, King George III issued the Proclamation of 1763.  It forbade the colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains and put the territory under British control

11. Acts of Parliament  Quartering Act: required the colonists to house and supply British soldiers stationed in North America  Stamp Act: taxed nearly all printed material & required a government stamp on them

13. No Taxation Without Representation British Side No tax could be imposed except ones approved by Parliament. Colonial Side Colonies had no representation in Parliament

14. Boycott  Refusal to buy British goods  Sons of Liberty: enforcers of the boycott  Effects: Stamp Act was repealed

15. DECLARATORY ACT  Stated that Parliament had the authority to impose laws on the colonies  Represented or not the colonists should follow the law

16. Townshend Act  Taxes: tea, lead, glass, paint, & paper  Violent colonial protest.  British troops were sent to Boston

17. Boston Massacre  Tax protesters threatened British troops  Shots were fired  Paul Revere depicted it as a brutal slaying of innocent victims = Massacre

19. The Revolutionary Cause After the massacre, tensions rose and most taxes subsided EXCEPT for the tax on tea Boston Tea Party: Colonists dressed as Mohawk Indians & dumped over $1 million of tea in the Boston Harbor.

20. Boston Tea Party

21. Coercive (Intolerable) Acts Parliament passed this act which  Closed the Boston harbor  Placed a military governor over Massachusetts  England expanded the Canadian border taking land from the colonies

23. First Continental Congress  Who: All colonies except Georgia  Where: Philadelphia  Why: Response to the Intolerable Acts  When: September 1774  What:  Message to the King stating that the colonists had a right to be represented in their government  No representation…entitled to govern themselves

25. Lexington & Concord  British troops headed to Concord to seize colonial arms and ammunition  Colonial militia met them at Lexington  Paul Revere: “The British are coming!”  “shot heard ‘round the world” that started the American Revolution

26. Colonial Militia

27. Second Continental Congress  Thomas Paine published Common Sense a pamphlet that made a compelling case for independence  Effects: Congress decided to declare independence

28. Thomas Jefferson  Drafted the Declaration of Independence  Principles  Egalitarianism: all men are created equal  Inalienable rights: natural rights-life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness  Document  list of grievances against the King  Asserts to rights of the colonies to declare independence

31. Impact of the Declaration of Independence  13 colonies became states  States drafted constitutions with an attached Bill of Rights  Ground work for the United States Constitution  Conscience of the colonists: true egalitarian society or not ( slaves, women, Native Americans)

32.  Governments must be responsible to the people…respect their rights  Model for other nations: France

33. Advantages British World’s most formidable army Mightiest navy Americans Fighting for their homeland Fighting for the right to govern themselves Knew British tactics Failure = treason=death

34. Taking Sides Loyalists  Remained loyal to the king  Many were Southern landowners  Anglican Church members  Tories Patriots  Supported the revolution  Wanted independence from Britain  Whigs

35. Patriot to Continental Loyalists to British Soldier

36. Battle of Bunker Hill  After Lexington & Concord, 20,000 Patriots surrounded Boston  British launched attacks on two hills: Breeds & Bunker  British won - Americans ran out of ammunition  “Don’t shoot until you see the whites of their eyes” William Prescott

37. George Washington  Commander of the Continental Army  Battles  New York  Trenton: attacked the Hessians (Germans), Patriot victory; Christmas Eve

38. The Northern War Saratoga  General Horatio Gates  Patriot victory  Turning point: French alliance Valley Forge o Pennsylvania o Severe winter- many deaths

39. The Southern War South Carolina Fort Moultrie  Charleston, S.C.  Palmetto logs sheltered the fort (SC flag)  Resisted British attack  King’s Mountain & Cowpens-Patriot victory

40. The Southern War South Carolina Guerilla forces  small bands of mobile combat troops who strike & quickly disappear Patriot Leaders  Francis Marion: “the Swamp Fox”  Thomas Sumter: “The Gamecock”

41. The Southern War North Carolina Guilford Courthouse (Greensboro, N.C.)  Patriot Nathanael Greene Vs.  Lord Cornwallis suffered losses and forced northward

42. The Southern War Yorktown, Virginia Washington Continental Army Lord Cornwallis British Troops French Naval Blockade October 18,1781 Cornwallis Surrendered Treaty of Paris of 1783 Britain officially recognized U.S.