1. ERIN MCDONOUGH, ALEC BOOKER, LANCE CLINE, AND ALEXA GARDNER “I Want to Be a Macho Man” A proposal for understanding men’s rationale for physical fitness.

2. The Problem Minimal research on male body image (Sohn, 2009) Unrealistic portrayal of ideal male body (Derenne, 2006) Wellness is not the main objective

3. Literature Review Primary Sources: Body Image Obsession in Men (Olivardia, 2002) Sex Differences in Social Comparison (Sohn, 2010) I’m Not Dieting, I’m Doing it for Science: Masculinities and the Experience of Dieting (Mallyon, Holmes, Coveney & Zadoroznyj, 2010)

4. Social Comparison Theory Focuses on uniformity Pressures of achieving what others have People automatically compare themselves to items in the media without even realizing they are doing it (Sohn, 2009)

5. Additional Theories Adonis Complex Theory  Young men obsessed with bulk/muscle mass Hegemonic Masculinity Theory  Refers to current ways of understanding manliness  Meanings around masculinity often conflict/change

6. Theories Cont. These theories influence different groups of males differently  Athletes vs. Non-athletes  Straight men vs. Gay men  From culture to culture

7. The Effects Ryan & Morrison (2009)  Negative body image Filiauat & Drummond (2010)  Anabolic steroid use Sohn (2009)  Eating disorders  Bulimia  Anorexia Nervosa  Excessive exercising

8. Hypothesis & Research Questions H 1 : Physical fitness is dependent upon either the desire for health and wellness or personal vanity. H 2 : Men with positive body image concentrate on wellness and exercise for health reasons, while men with negative body image concentrate on wellness and exercise for personal vanity. RQ 1 : What other motivators, besides influential media, cause such a serious concern for one’s health and overall well-being and drive men to desire the perfect body?

9. Variables Dependent  Physical Fitness Independent  Health and Wellness  Personal Vanity

10. Quantitative Methodology Participants  300 adult males  College students  Private Central Florida School Provides variance in cultural and socioeconomic backgrounds  Volunteer sample

11. Data Collection Method Dependent variables:  Open-ended questionnaire Moderating variables:  Markland and Hart’s Exercise Motivations Inventory (1993)  51 Reasons for Exercise  Measures personal vanity, social comparison, and health and wellness motives  6 point Likert Scale

12. Treatment Material Relevant Treatment Review  16 page packet  8 high body awareness  8 health and wellness Derived from a Mini-Content Analysis  50 advertisements  Men’s Health, Men’s Fitness, Runner’s World, Muscle and Fitness

13. Irrelevant Treatment Review 16 images of outdoor imagery  4 from each season of the year

14. Procedure 3 groups (randomly assigned upon arrival)  1- Relevant Treatment  2- Control: Irrelevant Treatment  3- Control: No Treatment

15. Procedure cont. Male escorts groups to prospective locations and moderates throughout procedure  Eliminates experimenter influences Consent Form Confidentiality Statement Treatment Distribution  10 minutes for Review Response Packet Distribution

16. Data Reduction Mini-Content Analysis  Chose top 16 out of 50 advertisements (treatment packet)  Ads displaying extremely physically fit men & men being highly active serve as unit of analysis 1-way ANOVA  SPSS – differences between physical fitness (independent) and health and wellness/personal vanity (moderating) Large Content Analysis  Based off participants’ answers to open ended questions  Key words: muscular, lean, thin, tall, as well as words related to specific body parts (arms, abs, shoulders, etc.)

17. Survey Designed to recruit participants/divide groups for qualitative methods 8 short questions Surveys distributed by:  Mail to all men (18-35) in the Central Florida area  Available in gymnasiums and student lounges of local colleges  Available in local gyms

18. Survey Use Divided into 2 groups by similar responses These 2 groups then are divided by age  18-25  26-35 8 participants randomly selected from each of the 4 groups for focus groups

19. Qualitative Methodology 4 Focus groups; 8 men per group  Group 1: Men (18-25); exercise consistently; lead healthy lifestyles; consider themselves in “good shape”  Group 2: Men (26-35); exercise consistently; lead healthy lifestyles; consider themselves in “good shape”  Group 3: Men (18-25); do not work out consistently; do not consider themselves in “good shape”  Group 4: Men (26-35) ; do not work out consistently; do not consider themselves in “good shape”

20. Focus Groups cont. Male moderator separate from the researchers Focus on health and exercise in participants’ daily lives Questions revolve around:  Men’s view of males in the media  How males in the media influence body image  Potential factors influencing a desire for peak physical fitness

21. Analysis All focus groups will be recorded and transcribed  Tapes destroyed after use Look for reoccurring themes between quantitative and qualitative responses Isolate motivational themes for exercise Used as a pioneer study  Hope to find same results in other geographical areas