1. “The mission of theory development is to challenge and extend existing knowledge, not simply to rewrite it” (Whetten, 2001)

2. Four building Blocks What How Why Who, Where, When

3. Block 1: What The FACTORS that can explain the phenomena of interest: Concepts Constructs Variables Concept Construct VVVVV

4. What The issue is… to what extent we have included the ‘right’ factors Deciding the ‘right’ factors will be based on two criteria: Comprehensiveness -Are all relevant factors included? Parsimony -Which factors can be deleted..little value to our understanding? But it is not simply adding or subtracting factors from an existing model. The main concern is how the addition or subtractions of these factors alter our understanding of the phenomena

5. Block 2: How We have identified a set of factors (What) So the next question is: “How are they related? Not all theoretical model must have “boxes” and “arrow”, but a visual representation would clarify thinking XY

6. Block 3: Why Provide justification for the selection of factors and the proposed relationship. The theoretical glue that bonds the model together : “The underlying theory”  The logic underlying the model. The fundamental views of human / organization / societal process that justify the proposed conceptualization Model evaluation: Early stage..Conceptual: Logic Final Stage.. Verification: Data Once it has empirically verified, the model is ready to be used

7. Why… “What” + “How”  Produces typical model / framework Based on this framework, we can derive testable proposition/hypothesis..But do we really understand the theoretical reasons or the logic behind the framework…. “reasoning” Technically, the statement “Y is caused by X” can be tested without understanding the Whys underlying the model. HOWEVER this will lead to empirically dominated discussion, rather than theoretically In short: What & How … Describe Why… Explain What & How & Why… essential elements of a simple theory: Description & explanation.

8. Block 4: Who, Where, When Who, Where, When.. Contextual factors These condition place limitation of theoretical model Set the boundaries of generalization Sensitivity to context is especially important for theories based on experience Observations are embedded and must be understood within a context Example : Personnel selection model…suitable for business setting organization, but low predictive validity in a military setting.. So we have to understand why this anomaly presents so that can revise the What and How  Have theoretical merit Conversely, applying an old model to a new setting and showing that it works as expected is not instructive. It has theoretical merit if something about the new setting suggests the theory should not work under those conditions

9. SEKIAN.. JUMPA LAGI DI LAIN SESI!!! TERIMA KASIH