1. Unit 7: Evolution & Classification How and why are organisms classified? What tools do we use to classify organisms?

2. Classification All living things are classified into the following categories: –Kingdom; Phylum; Class; Order; Family; GENUS; SPECIES How can we remember that easier? Taxonomy = branch of biology that deals w/ naming & classifying organisms. Why do we classify??? Kings Play Chess On Fat Girls Stomachs To make things easier to find and study

3. First classification system –Aristotle (Greek philosopher) >2000 years ago divided organisms into 2 groups –1. Plants »classified by type of stem (grass, shrub, tree) –2. Animals »divided by environment (land, water, or air) Early Classification According to Aristotle which of these 3 animals would be classified more closely?

4. Based on work of Carolus Linnaeus –“Father of Modern Taxonomy” How Do We Classify?

5. Current system reflects relationships based on phylogeny (evolutionary ancestry) –Uses homologies to group species into larger, more generalized categories –What does the word “homologies” mean? Similarities

6. According to this phylogenetic tree, what are humans most closely related to?

7. Binomial nomenclature: Two name system that is unique to every type of organism “Bi” means? Linnaeus’ System Two!

8. –Names are Italicized or underlined –written as Genus species Genus = 1st name, capitalized species = 2nd name, lower case & descriptive Linnaeus’ System

9. Examples of names Common name 1.Humans 2.Housefly 3.White Oak tree 4.Red Oak tree Genus & species 1.Homo sapiens 2.Musca domesticus 3.Quercus alba 4.Quercus rubra All names are in Latin Why not common names? Linnaeus’ System Things can get confusing!

10. Eukaryota Levels of Classification Did  Domain King  Kingdom Phillip  Phylum Come  Class Over  Order From  Family Germany  Genus Sunday?  species Domain

11. Where would Domain belong in this diagram?

12. Levels of Classification What is the relationship among the levels? –More closely related  share more levels –From Domain down each level has a new set of criteria that must be shared DOMAIN Eukaryota

14. Once an organism shares a more specific taxon it MUST share the more unifying taxa How many levels of classification do we share with dolphins?

15. What is a species? Group of organisms capable of mating with one another in nature to produce fertile offspring

16. 3 domains Archaea Oldest prokaryotes (no nucleus) Kingdom Monera (older, less complex bacteria) Eubacteria prokaryotes that evolved from Archaea (no nucleus) Kingdom Monera (more complex, modern bacteria) Eukaryota Eukaryotes (cells with a nucleus) Kingdoms  Plantae, Animalia, Fungi, Protista The 3 Domains

17. Domain: Archaea Prokaryotes –Older, less complex group of bacteria live in extreme environments –hydrothermal vents, salty or acidic environments

18. Staphylococcus cyanobacteria Domain: Eubacteria Prokaryotic –Modern, more complex bacteria Evolved from Archaea –Most common & very diverse, heterotrophic or autotrophic, free-living or pathogenic

19. Eubacteria + Archaea Domains together make up 1 of the 5 Kingdoms  Monera If Using the 5 Kingdom System Instead of the 3 Domain System

21. Domain: Eukaryota All are eukaryotic –have a nucleus 4 of the 5 kingdoms –1. Protista –2. Fungi –3. Plantae –4. Animalia

22. Domain: Eukaryota 1. Kingdom Protista: mostly unicellular organisms that are plant-like, animal-like, or fungus-like Amoeba Diatoms Paramecium Euglena

23. 2. Kingdom Fungi: all types of fungus (mushrooms & molds) –Multicellular heterotrophs with cell walls of chitin ( yeast – unicellular) Digest food outside the organism & then absorb nutrients Domain: Eukaryota

24. 3. Kingdom Plantae: Multicellular autotrophs with cells walls of cellulose –Land-based plants, trees, grasses, moss, and shrubs photosynthetic Domain: Eukaryota

25. 4. Kingdom Animalia: multicellular heterotrophs without cell walls. –divided into invertebrates and ………….. Domain: Eukaryota

26. ………. vertebrates