1. Refugees

2. Refugee Crisis Crisis begins around 2007, increasing sharply in 2011 60 Million displaced persons globally. 2015 escalation. Macedonian Policy allows temporary access to Macedonian territory making travel less expensive Syria loosens passport restrictions and increases conscription

3.  2000 Chechnya 325K  1992 Armenia/Azerbaijan 500K  1992 Liberia 640K  1999 Kosovo 863K  1991 Iraq 1.4M  1979-2015 Afghanistan 2.6M

4.  Rising rents  Increased unemployment  depressed wages  Increased price of goods,  Increased shortfall in services: water, electricity, health care  Economic stagnation  Potential political destabilization

6. Lebanon’s Burden

7. Europe

9. Human Trafficking 26 Billion$ per year as a global trade Smugglers charge an average $3000 per person Use land a sea routes to enter the EU Once inside the EU, smugglers are still employed to access more desirable destinations such UK, Germany, Sweden

11.  The Balkan route  The opening the Macedonian border  Hungary closes border to Serbia, proposes the building of 110 mile long fence

12.  Ghost ships are unpiloted vessels, often old and poorly maintained. Rudders are fixed and directed towards Europe. Pilots then escape by lifeboat.

13. Packing Light

14.  Greece, Italy major points of sea entry  Differing application of migratory policy  Italian Operation Mare Nordstrom rescued 150K refugees over the course of a year  European states deny funding replaced by operation Triton focusing on border control rather than sea rescue.  1600% increase in migrant deaths  April 2015 submit agreed to double operational budget

15. “Even if there was a European decision to drown the migrant boats, there will still be people going by boat because the individual considers himself dead already”

17.  The new East West divide  Once inside the Schengen, travel is unrestricted, not subject to border controls  Dublin Regulation dictates refugees apply in the EU country of first origins  UK, Sweden and Germany remain popular choices. Employment and state benefits viewed as more likely

18.  Calais France  Opened 1999  Contains a mix of refugees, asylum seekers and economic migrants  I I met PhD students, lorry drivers, government officials, actors, engineers and nurses – all of whom are eager to find work and restart their lives

19.  Attempts to enter UK through the tunnel or ferry crossings by hiding in trucks or in mass waves  13 deaths this year.  Crossing attempts reduced from 2000 per day to 150

20.  Migrant vs Refugee  A migrant is a person who makes a conscious choice to leave their country to seek a better life elsewhere.  Refugees are forced to leave their country because they are at risk of, or have experienced persecution.  EU citizens wary of immigration  Economics  Security  National Identity

21.  ISIS among them  Jihadist agents actively recruiting among refugee centers  Claims to have 1000s of agents posing as refugees

22.  Austerity resulting from the 2008 economic crisis still affects many Europeans with unemployment dependent on increasingly scarce government housing and financing.  Immigration viewed as a strain on resources

24.  Nationalist anti-immigration parties showing stronger appeal  Immigration Paradox: taking jobs and benefits  Multi-culturalism is dead?

25. EU Turkey Migration Deal Angela Merkel Refugees arriving in Greece after March 20 are returned to Turkey In exchange Turkey seeks visa free travel to EU and 6 billion Euros Presented as a policy to discourage human trafficking

26. Migrant Challenge http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle- east-32057601