1. Attitudes to H vs. L Diglossia Situation
Chapter 2- L4 (29-51)
Attitudes to H vs. L Diglossia Situation

2. This lecture reflects the following:
people attitude towards H&L codes(varieties- languages) in a Diglossia situation: Read example 7:(P:29)
People prefer H variety even if they don’t understand it. They respect it.
H has prestige in a high status sense.
H is standardized in (dictionary and in the grammar books)

3. also, attitudes toward L variety is ambivalent,But
they see L variety as something not worth to describe.
attitudes toward L variety is ambivalent,But
people in some parts of Switzerland admire using L code, and use it all the time even with strangers.
In some parts of the country they use H even in the normal comm. And use L locally.
They rate L very low

4. Look at Haitians
Although they have French and Creole as H and have also national L verities, but they use French as H and ignore that there is a Creole although everyone use it at home in everyday comm. With friends .
In e.g. 7: it shows that L is used by some speakers
Others denied it
Others see it as a best code to express feelings.
Now after you got the attitudes to H-L
Do Exercise 6: (P: 30) (7- p:32)

5. Diglossia with and without Bilingualism
What is Diglossia? They define it as:
Why not individual??
A characteristic of speech communities not individual
Because individual might be a bilingual. And communities are Diglossia

6. By other words Diglossia is:
Describe as a social or institution bilingual, where there are 2 vanities are required to cover all the communities’ domain

7. Rating Diglossia
in some communities Diglossia is very limited. As in Haiti 90% are monolingual(use Creole) so they are unable to contribute in more formal domains.

8. What is potential Relation bw Diglossia and bilingualism?
That:
When you say Diglossia, that means there should be someone who speaks two languages, these 2 language are required to cover all the domains… most individuals are bi-lingual.

9. Extending the other Scope of Diglossia (P:31)
Examples: like
Like any other distinct language in other communities
as:
Also, in Paraguay and Spanish are examples of Diglossia
German( H+L) are used and spoken in places like Eggenwilأق إن –ول ) (Dutch
Sauris سو-ريز(Finland) spoken in Italian Alps

10. Therefore, Diglossia is the weight
..and feature or criteria that generalized to cover any situation where two language are used for diff. functions in speech community.
Specially when: one language is used as H functions and the other is used as L function.
H is Prestige variety and it learned at school and at home … but, sometimes people admire
L it learned at home, as in Paraguay (Guarani) قوا- رأني and Sauris سو-رز(local Italian) use to prepare children for school.

11. Literature is written in H not in L
Although, there may be rich oral Literature in L.
H are codified to dictionary and grammar books. And also L

12. Poly-glossia (P:32) Table5
Is a situation where a community uses more than 2 languages.(as example)
Table5
Mandarin H (a Chinese) has 2 L and formal Singapore (both are H)are examples for polyglossia.

13. eexamples Mandarin+ has 2L spoken(Hokkiens+ Cantonese)
Informal English Singapore is L(L language)
Then there are 2 H(Mandarin and formal English Singapore) +varieties L

14. Changes in a Diglossia Situation
Diglossia is described as stable situation
Two varieties HL or HLL may exist in the same area for a centuries. (Arabic and Haiti)
One day one variety may replace another gradually.

15. Examples:
Latin is an example is displaced and stop using in as H in Europe.
L variety may expand and become more formal domains.
England was Diglossia, when Norman controlled it, the use French as the language of courts, works, legal system and high society and English became the language of peasants in fields and streets.
Look at the examples for changing English words to French. P:33 about(change in a diglossia situations)

16. Code Switching or Code Mixing
Participants
Solidarity
Status

17. What does code switching mean and use?
Is an interjection (insert) or linguistic tag in the other language.
it serves as ethnic identity marker that they share same background for future relation.
It also use when the status or relation bw the speaker and listener close or distance.
If the distance is hi the speaking in formal language as teachers, doctors, manager.
Change 0ccurs because the change of the topic

18. Code switch
Change of social situation leads to code switch(shift)(as the arrival of a new participant (person) form the tribe of the speaker and the speaker and to greet him in their tribe language as a sign of unity.
Unity mean Solidarity .
I- switch to an another language -Solidarity it may means ethnicity.
Switch always short,they use words and phrases within another language. Use only for social reasons example (e.g.8-P35)(e.g.9-P:36)

19. In e. g 9 it called switching called: (emblematic switching) is tag switching (sign).

20. Topic(P:38)
As you see in example 10: people can switch if they want to speak about specific topic as happened with Bilinguals who find it easier to speak about special topic using a language more than another. As Japanese in USA it is easier to use Japanese in topics relate to Japanese as (fish-New Year’s Day)

21. And as: Chinese students who live
In a same apartment in English countries – use Cantonese to chat with each other, but switch to English when speak about studying. Because they know the Vocabulary of their specialization. And also for quoting as e.g. Proverb in example P: 38.

22. Switching for affective functions
Those who use their own H or L with friends and English with their teachers as (Afro-Arab) (West Indian)(W.IndianBlack communities).
As in e.g. 13: 39 (the British Black girl Polly- switch from standard English to Paton to express affective meaning(her feeling) not referential meaning. For cursing or abuse someone in Paton and they are unable to send her to the headmaster because, they misunderstood her words.

23. It signal accent and personal identity also.
As the example 14 p: 40 shows her rhetorical
( بلاغة- بيان
(in italic are Patois)

24. Many bilinguals and multi-linguals
They adapt to exploiting the rhetorical possibilities of their linguistic repertoire(art storage)
the funny use of switching like those students at the class- they study in Standard Norwegian at school, but when they want to say jokes or remarks about the teacher they switch to their local dialects.

25. In Paraguay they use(Guarani-L variety)
And switch to it to say joking and humorous anecdotes

26. But, when to switch from L to H? (P:40)
In opposite direction switching from L to H usage:
1. when you want to express disapproval.
2. Because, they are angry L k at P: 40
3. That means switching always express referential

27. Switching for affective Fuctions