1. Seminar 7 Eugene de Silva Ph.D. FRSA

2. Introduction Welcome Welcome SC300 Course – Unit 7 – week 7 SC300 Course – Unit 7 – week 7 Discussion points Discussion points Seminar Activity Seminar Activity Project - Final Project - Final

3. Unit 7 – Discussion – Two parts " PART I: " PART I: Describe a physical trait you possess that you could potentially pass on to your own children. Using what you learned from the Inheritance of Individual Traits animation, consider the following. Let’s pretend you have 4 children, and 2 of the 4 children also possess your characteristic. Meanwhile the other biological parent of your children does not possess the trait. Do you think this trait could be dominant or recessive? Based upon your response, describe why it would or would not be possible for this trait to “skip” a generation. Patterns of inheritance within organisms like pea plants, fruit flies, mice, and others are somewhat easy to determine since we can easily control their mating practices. Apart from controlling who mates with who, what other characteristics make species like these ideal for studying genetics? What are some of the challenges when studying human inheritance of traits like the one you chose for this scenario? PART II: PART II: Describe a health problem that you believe has a genetic component (at least partially inherited). Would you be interested in having genetic testing to determine whether you carry a genetic mutation for a particular disorder or a genetic predisposition for a disease? Why/why not? What are the advantages and disadvantages of determining your predisposition? Using the resources provided in the prompt and in the unit’s web resources, explore the current state of research for the health problem you described above. If you did not identify an inherited health condition within your family, then choose a disease that interests you or impacts a friend or other family member. Focus only on one of the following as they relate to the genetics of the disease: – –Cause – –Testing/Screening/Prevention – –Treatments/Therapies/Cures Share what you learn regarding research into the disease and look for similarities between the diseases you and your classmates describe. Share what you learn regarding research into the disease and look for similarities between the diseases you and your classmates describe.

4. Discussion Q and A Q and A

5. Project – Final Project Reminder Q and A Q and A

6. Seminar Discussion What are some past, present, and future applications for cloning? Can you envision a time in your life where cloning technologies may be useful to you, or do you benefit from them already? What are some of the challenges associated with the cloning process? What policies do you feel should be in place to regulate cloning? Consider the following: – –What creatures can be allowed to be cloned? – –Should the purpose of the clone be considered? – –Who should have the ability to produce clones and/or research the process further? – –Should humans be cloned? – –Should these regulations be the same regardless of the cloning process (at the gene or cellular level as well as an entire organism)?

7. Cloning Therapeutic Therapeutic Reproductive Reproductive

8. Therapeutic Therapeutic cloning To harvest embryonic stem cells To harvest embryonic stem cells Medical treatments. Medical treatments. Tissue, muscle, and organ cells. Tissue, muscle, and organ cells.

9. How is Therapeutic Cloning Performed? The therapeutic cloning process A cell is removed from the patient A cell is removed from the patient The nucleus of this cell is removed and inserted into an empty donor egg where the genetic material is removed. The nucleus of this cell is removed and inserted into an empty donor egg where the genetic material is removed. Division is encouraged through the use of special chemicals or an electric current. Division is encouraged through the use of special chemicals or an electric current. The resulting embryonic stem cells are removed and used to treat the patient. The resulting embryonic stem cells are removed and used to treat the patient.

10. What is Therapeutic Cloning Used For? Medical uses Medical uses Create skin for burn victims Create skin for burn victims Organs for transplant patients Organs for transplant patients Cells for those with spinal cord injuries. Cells for those with spinal cord injuries. Heart disease, Alzheimer's Disease, or Parkinson's Disease. Heart disease, Alzheimer's Disease, or Parkinson's Disease.

11. Reproductive Reproductive cloning Express intent of creating another organism. Express intent of creating another organism. Exact duplicate of one that already exists or has existed in the past. Exact duplicate of one that already exists or has existed in the past. Plants, animals, and humans Plants, animals, and humans

12. How is Reproductive Cloning Performed? Reproductive cloning process Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT) Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT) The genetic material from a donor egg is removed The genetic material from a donor egg is removed Cell is taken from the organism to be cloned and its nucleus is removed. Cell is taken from the organism to be cloned and its nucleus is removed. The nucleus is then transferred into the empty donor egg. The nucleus is then transferred into the empty donor egg. The embryo is then transferred into the uterus of the host organism. The embryo is then transferred into the uterus of the host organism.

13. What Is Reproductive Cloning Used For? Reproductive cloning uses Research purposes Research purposes Repopulating endangered species Repopulating endangered species Facilitate breeding of specific animals Facilitate breeding of specific animals Production of organisms with specific characteristics - genetically "unique" animals. Production of organisms with specific characteristics - genetically "unique" animals.

14. Therapeutic Cloning Diagram

15. Reproductive cloning

16. What are some past, present, and future applications for cloning? Suggestions? Suggestions?

17. What are some past, present, and future applications for cloning? Cure for diseases Cure for diseases New Medications New Medications Research Research Organ replacement Organ replacement Salvation of endangered species Salvation of endangered species Control of extinction Control of extinction Duplication of valuable/prize animals Duplication of valuable/prize animals

18. C an you envision a time in your life where cloning technologies may be useful to you, or do you benefit from them already? Any thoughts? Any thoughts?

19. What are some of the challenges associated with the cloning process? Any thoughts? Any thoughts?

20. What are some of the challenges associated with the cloning process? Health risks/Side effects Health risks/Side effects Loss of variation in genetic pool Loss of variation in genetic pool Psychosocial harms Psychosocial harms Implications on citizenship issues Implications on citizenship issues Humans becoming a product – black market Humans becoming a product – black market

21. What policies do you feel should be in place to regulate cloning? Consider the following: – –What creatures can be allowed to be cloned? – –Should the purpose of the clone be considered? – –Who should have the ability to produce clones and/or research the process further? – –Should humans be cloned? – –Should these regulations be the same regardless of the cloning process (at the gene or cellular level as well as an entire organism)?

22. If you were in charge of the nation’s cloning policy, what rules would you establish and why? The First Amendment The First Amendment State vs. Federal State vs. Federal Purpose Purpose

23. What creature is the most complex creature that should be allowed to be cloned, and why? Comments? Comments?

24. What creature is the most complex creature that should be allowed to be cloned, and why? Domestic sheep Domestic sheep Mice Mice Cows Cows Goats Goats Pigs Pigs Rabbits Rabbits Cats Cats Mules Mules Horses Horses Rats Rats Rhesus monkeys Rhesus monkeys Fish Fish

25. FDA stand on cloning – It is safe! FDA - Meat and milk from animal clones are safe to eat. FDA - Meat and milk from animal clones are safe to eat. This complements two earlier reports from the National Academy of Sciences. This complements two earlier reports from the National Academy of Sciences.

26. Should humans be cloned? Why or why not? Your answers? Your answers?

27. Should humans be cloned? Why or why not? Infertility issues Infertility issues Compensation for loss of life Compensation for loss of life Ethical problems Ethical problems

28. Q and A