1.  The Industrial revolution spread from England to other nations.  Belgium – first in mainland Europe to industrialize.  Germany, France and U.S. – had many resources and other factors.  Japan, Canada, Australia – industrialized quickly  IMPACT  Urbanization  Huge quantities of new goods at lower prices (supply/demand).  Increased jobs.

2.  Demand for better transportation and communication.  Politics changed to meet industrial needs.  Rise of Western nations to world dominance.  INNOVATIONS:  Steel – Henry Bessemer.  Chemicals – Alfred Nobel – dynamite (Nobel prizes).  Electricity – Volta – battery. ◦ Faraday – motor and generator (dynamo) New methods of Production: assembly line. Interchangeable parts.

3.  New Methods of Production: assembly line, interchangeable parts.  Transportation: Transcontinental Railroads. ◦ Automobiles – Karl Benz & Daimler. ◦ Airplane – Wright Brothers. Communication – Telegraph – Samuel Morse Telephone – Alexander Graham Bell Radio – Marconi New Directions for Business Corporations – businesses owned by many stockholders. Growth of monopolies and Vertical Integration (controlling all aspects of an industry). – Laissez-Faire

4.  The World of Cities: ◦ Fight against disease: Pasteur-link between bacteria and disease. ◦ Koch – identified bacteria that caused Tuberculosis. ◦ Florence Nightengale – nursing. ◦ Anesthetics used in hospitals. Life in The Cities Wide streets, parks. Slums for the poor workers – Tenement buildings. Sewers Skyscrapers as steel is improved and cities become more crowded. Rising standards of living. Laws passed to regulate industry.

5.  Social Movements: ◦ Rights for women. ◦ Woman’s suffrage – Anthony and Stanton. ◦ Growth of public education. ◦ Colleges grow throughout industrialized societies. Science: Atomic Theory – Dalton. Periodic Table of Elements – Mendeleyev Charles Darwin – Theory of Natural Selection. Evolution of Man theory created major controversy. Social Darwinism: applied the theory of survival of the fittest to war and economic competition.

6.  War weeded out the weak nations.  Lead to racism: weak/inferior races deserved to be conquered by stronger ones.