1. DIGITAL LIGHT PROCESSING Submitted by: D.Sree vidya08A75A0401 ECE(S1) Batch no:14 Under the Guidance of: Prof. P.V.NARASAIAH AMIE,ME,MISTE

2. WHY THIS? In our world, sights & sounds are analog, we can acquire, store and communicate in digital media. This was first evident with audio as it was transformed from a technology of analog tape and vinyl records to digital audio CDs. Video is now making the same conversion to digital technology for acquisition, storage, and communication. Witness the development of digital CCD cameras for image acquisition, digital transmission of TV signals (DBS), and video compression techniques for more efficient transmission, higher density storage on a video CD, or for video conference calls But until recently, this possibility seemed as remote as developing a digital loudspeaker to interface with digital audio. Now there is a new MEMS- based projection display technology called Digital Light Processing(DLP)

3. DLP OBJECTIVE:  Digital Light Processing (DLP) that accepts digital video and transmits to the eye a burst of digital light pulses that the eye interprets as a color analog image.  Digital Light Processing technology provides all-digital projection displays that offer superior picture quality in terms of resolution, brightness, contrast, and color fidelity

4. ADVANTAGES: DLP has three key advantages over existing projection technologies.  The inherent digital nature of DLP enables noise-free, precise image quality with digital gray scale and color reproduction.  Its digital nature also positions DLP to be the final link in the digital video infrastructure.  DLP is more efficient than competing transmissive liquid crystal display (LCD) technology

5. ELEMENTS OF DLP:  DMD  DLP projector system includes i. memory and signal processing to support a fully digital approach ii. light source iii. a cooling system and iv. illumination and projection optics.

6. DMD Dmd means digital micromirror device. It is the cornerstone of DLP. A DMD can be described simply as a semiconductor light switch. Thousands of tiny, square, 16 x 16Êmm mirrors, fabricated on hinges a top a static random access memory (SRAM) make up a DMD as shown in figure1.

7. Analog or digital signal DLP video processing RGB data Binary data(video or graphical signal) DMD How it works:-

8. Each pixel of information is mapped directly to its own mirror in a 1:1 ratio, giving exact, digital control. If the signal is 640 x 480 pixels, the central 640 x 480 mirrors on the device will be active. The other mirrors outside of this area will simply be turned to the off position. By electrically addressing the memory cell below each mirror with the binary bit plane signal, each mirror on the DMD array is electrostatically tilted to the on or off positions. The technique that determines how long each mirror tilts in either direction is called pulse width modulation (PWM). The mirrors are capable of switching on and off more than 1000 times a second. This rapid speed allows digital gray scale and color reproduction.

9. DIGITAL SQUARE-PIXEL PROJECTED IMAGE:

10. Optical light from the projection lamp is directed at the DMD. When the mirrors are in the on position, they reflect light through the projection lens and onto the screen to form a digital, square-pixel projected image. The off position mirror reflects light away from the projection lens to a light absorber so no light reaches the screen at that particular pixel, producing a square, dark pixel image. The mirror pixels reflect light to the screen or away from it based on their position. By using a color filter system and by varying the amount of time each of the 508,800 DMD mirror pixels is on, a full-color, digital picture is projected onto the screen.

11. DLP offers a scalable projection solution for displaying a digital signal, thus completing an all-digital infrastructure as shown in Figure 3.

12. DLP is accurate reproduction several combinations of different gray scale levels for each of the primary colors and the resultant digitally created of gray scale and color levels.

13. DMDLCD It is a reflective deviceIt is transmissive device Light efficiency is greater than 60% 50% of the lamp light never even gets to the LCD because it is filtered out by a polarizer. These are polarization independent LCDs are polarization- dependent It has 90% fill factorIt has 70% fill factor More resolutionLess resolution Comparison between DMD &LCD

14. The higher DMD fill factor gives a higher perceived resolution, and this, combined with the progressive scanning, creates a projected image that is much more natural and life like This digitized photograph of a parrot was used to demonstrate the seamless, film like than conventional projection displays.

16. Reliability: DLP systems have successfully completed a series of regulatory, environmental, and operational tests. Standard components with proven reliability were chosen to construct the digital electronics used to drive the DMD. No significant reliability degradation has been identified with either the illumination or projection optics. Most of the reliability concerns are focused on the DMD because it relies on moving hinge structures. Hinge failure is not a factor in DMD reliability. It has also passed a barrage of tests meant to simulate actual DMD environmental operating conditions, including thermal shock, temperature cycling, moisture resistance, mechanical shock, vibration, and acceleration testing. Based on thousands of hours of life and environmental testing, the DMD and DLP systems exhibit inherent reliability.

17. FEATURES OF DMD: Numbers of moving parts0.5-1.2million Mechanical motionMakes discrete contacts or landings Lifetime requirement450 billion contacts per moving parts Address voltageLimited by 5-volt CMOS technology Die separationAfter removal of sacrificial spacer Sacrificial layerOrganic, dry-etched, wafer- level removal

18. Conclusion DLP is an optical system driven by digital electronics. The digital electronics and optics converge at the DMD. Using a video or graphics input signal, DLP creates a digitally projected image with unprecedented picture quality. The digital nature of DLP enables digital gray scale and color reproduction and also positions DLP to be the final link in the digital video infrastructure. Finally, DLP has the ability to create seamless, film like images. DLP makes images look better. For movie projection, a computer slide presentation, or an interactive, multi-person, worldwide collaboration—DLP is the only choice for digital visual communications, today and in the future.

19. References: [1]T. Wagner, K. Miyamoto, C. Werner, M. Schöning, T. Yoshinobu, Utilizing digital micro mirror device (DMD) as scanning light source for light-addressable potentiometric sensors (LAPS), in: 13th International Meeting on Chemical Sensors, 2010 [2] Up-to-date --> P. F. Van Kessel, L.J. Hornbeck, R. E. Meier,M. R. Douglass, "A MEMS-based projection display," Proc. IEEE, vol.86, 1687-704 (1998)http://ielimg.ihs.com/iel4/5/15216/00704274.pdf [3] Up-to-date --> L. J. Hornbeck, "Digital Light Processing for High Brightness, High-resolution Applications," Proc. SPIE vol. 3013 (Electronic Imaging EI'97, Feb. 10-12, 1997, San Jose, CA). [4] J. Florence, L. Yoder, “Display System Architectures for Digital Micromirror Device (DMD) Based Pro- jectors,” Proc. SPIE, Vol. 2650, Projection Displays 11, pp. 193-208 (1996).

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